Stockpiling and Comprehensive Utilization of Red Mud Research Progress

With increasing production of red mud, the environmental problems caused by it are increasingly serious, and thus the integrated treatment of red mud is imminent. This article provides an overview of the composition and the basic characteristics of red mud. The research progress of safe stockpiling and comprehensive utilization of red mud is summarized. The safe stockpiling of red mud can be divided into two aspects: the design and safe operation of the stocking yard. The comprehensive utilization of red mud can be further divided into three aspects: the effective recycling of components, resource utilization and application in the field of environmental protection. This paper points out that the main focus of previous studies on red mud stockpiling is cost reproduction and land tenure. The recovery of resources from red mud has a high value-added, but low level industrialization. The use of red mud as a building material and filler material is the most effective way to reduce the stockpiling of red mud. Red mud used for environmental remediation materials is a new hotspot and worth promoting for its simple processing and low cost.     

Maternal controlling feeding behaviours and child eating in preschool‐aged children

Aim: This paper explored the relationship between maternal controlling feeding behaviours and child eating and weight in preschool‐aged children. Methods: Ninety mothers of 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children (M = 3.48, SD = 0.84, 54.4% males) completed self‐report measures assessing maternal controlling feeding behaviours, child eating patterns and weight. Results: Univariate analyses indicated that child food neophobia was associated with authoritarian feeding (r= 0.29), pressure to eat (r= 0.28) and restriction (r= 0.34). Child food pickiness was associated with authoritarian feeding (r= 0.35). No association was found between maternal feeding strategies and child weight. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that authoritarian feeding, restriction and pressure to eat were significantly associated with the variance in child food neophobia (adjusted R²= 12.6%) and pickiness (adjusted R²= 12.0%). Conclusions: The findings suggest that maternal control in feeding is associated with undesirable eating patterns in preschool‐aged children. Interventions targeting reduction in maternal controlling feeding may promote desirable eating patterns in preschool‐aged children.     

Avoidable maternal deaths: Three ways to help now

Abstract

The current paper examines the realities of women delivering in resource-poor settings, and recommends cost-effective, scalable strategies for making these deliveries safer. Ninety-five percent of maternal deaths occur in poor settings, and the largest proportion of these deaths are women who deliver at home, far away from health care facilities, and without financial access to skilled providers. This situation will improve only when policymakers and programme planners refocus their attention on service delivery and financing interventions, with the potential to reach the largest portion of women living in places where mortality is the highest. We suggest three feasible interventions that can potentially minimise both demand and supply side problems of safe delivery: (1) misoprostol to treat postpartum haemorrhage, an easy to use and heat stable technology to reduce the leading cause of maternal deaths; (2) alternative providers, such as clinical officers, trained to offer emergency obstetric care services; (3) financing safe delivery through vouchers or other mechanisms that can be implemented in poor settings and made attractive to the donor community through output-based assistance (OBA).     

Four Week Feeding Toxicity Study with Phenylphosphinic Acid in Rats

Abstract

Phenylphosphinic acid was fed in graded concentrations of either 0 (control), 100, 1,000, or 10,000 ppm to rats for 28 days. These concentrations provided average daily doses of 8, 76, and 779 mg/kg (males) and 9, 83, and 859 mg/kg (females). No signs of adverse response were detected at any concentration up to the highest levels tested, 10,000 ppm or 779 (male) or 859 (female) mg/kg. Parameters measured were clinical signs, growth, neurobehavior, ophthalmology, and clinical and anatomical pathology. Phenylphosphinic acid is very low in toxicity following 31 days of feeding to the rat.     

eToolkits

This feature is based on actual questions and answers received and responded to by the Hospice Foundation of America (HFA). This is a service provided for families and support group members of patients with advanced disease by William M. Lamers, MD, HFA Medical Consultant a member of this Journal's Editorial Board. Effective ways to communicate with families and support groups of patients with advanced disease are presented. In this issue, queries and responses are presented addressing symptoms of liver cancer, what type of death to expect from lung cancer, how to help a terminally ill patient just wants to die now, and the clinical course and problems associated with glioblastoma.     

贫困地区婴幼儿喂养健康教育路径效果评估

目的 研究在贫困地区有效推广科学喂养婴幼儿的理念和方法的路径效果, 改善喂养人的喂养技能, 达到提高婴幼儿健康水平的目的。方法 为完成国家“消除婴幼儿贫血行动”健康教育任务, 依托国家项目的政策、管理、技术平台, 采用临床路径及成人培训方法, 对基层业务人员及婴幼儿家长进行多轮培训;用婴幼儿喂养指数及喂养困难两个指标评价培训效果。结果 1)培训前后婴幼儿喂养指数各年龄组改善显著。培训前, 各年龄组均低于城市样本, 6~8个月龄低于农村样本, 9~11月龄与农村样本相似, 12~24月龄高于农村样本;培训后, 各年龄组均高于培训前的水平。2)培训前后喂养困难9~11月龄组改善不显著, 其余各年龄组改善显著。9~11月龄组喂养困难显示出涉及面宽、警示度低的特点, 依据是:问卷共14个项目, 该组有8个项目差异不显著;问卷每项最高分为7分, 该组干预前后分值分别为2.61±1.154、2.51±1.115。结论 临床路径的健康教育方法, 可全面、有效改善家长的婴幼儿喂养水平;但对于喂养困难, 需要更加系统和有针对性的措施。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童喂养问题现况调查及其相关因素分析

目的 分析孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童中喂养问题的现状及ASD儿童喂养问题的相关因素,为临床指导ASD儿童喂养问题的行为矫正提供理论依据。方法 于2015年8月—2016年1月通过收集119例ASD儿童和185名正常儿童的进食行为量表(BAMBI)得分来比较两组在喂养问题上的差异,采用Spearman秩相关分析喂养问题的相关因素。结果 ASD男童的拒绝进食行为、食物谱狭窄和BAMBI总分均高于正常男童(9.64±3.18 vs. 8.15±2.85,P=0.003;21.21±5.53 vs. 18.76±4.93,P=0.004;41.44±9.41 vs. 37.05±7.41,P=0.001),ASD女童的孤独症特征相关的喂养问题得分明显高于ASD男童(12.17±2.25 vs. 10.58±2.60,P=0.029)。低功能ASD男童拒绝进食行为得分、孤独症特征相关的喂养问题得分和BAMBI总分均高于正常男童(9.83±3.21 vs. 7.61±2.56,P=0.004;11.72±3.03 vs. 10.07±2.31,P=0.029;42.62±10.54 vs. 36.89±7.41,P=0.028)。ASD儿童中,拒绝进食行为得分与刻板行为、自伤行为、强迫行为、仪式单调行为、受限行为得分呈正相关(P＜0.05);孤独症特征相关的喂养问题得分与年龄、刻板行为、仪式单调行为、受限行为得分呈正相关(P＜0.05);食物谱狭窄得分与刻板行为、强迫行为、仪式单调行为、受限行为得分呈正相关(P＜0.05)。结论 ASD男童较正常男童存在更多的喂养问题,低功能ASD男童的喂养问题可能受重复刻板行为影响,临床工作者需给予更多的关注,并进行个体化的行为矫正。     

Vestibular myogenic potentials evoked by air-conducted stimuli at safe acoustic intensity levels retain optimal diagnostic properties for superior canal dehiscence syndrome

Background: Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) is commonly conducted with air-conducted (AC) stimuli whose intensity may exceed the prudential levels of acoustic exposure in susceptible subjects.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of AC VEMP for superior canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS) at lowered acoustic stimulation levels.

Material and methods: VEMP was tested in 10 SCDS patients and in 10 age/sex matched control subjects. VEMP were recorded on cervical muscles (cVEMP) and extraocular muscles (oVEMP) in response to short AC tone bursts at 500, 1000 and 2000?Hz delivered at 80?dB nHL (103?dB peSPL). Parameters of interest were the response amplitude and the frequency tuning.

Results: VEMP evoked by AC stimuli at safe acoustic stimulation levels did effectively separate SCDS patients from healthy controls. The separation was optimal at all the frequencies tested, however 500?Hz resulted the best VEMP tuning frequency, especially at oVEMP.

Conclusions: Lowering the AC stimulation to the levels compatible with testing of patients susceptible to acoustic exposure didn’t affect the VEMP diagnostic properties for SCDS.

Significance: SCDS may be screened by VEMP even among subjects susceptible for acoustic exposure.