Diarrhoea during enteral feeding in the critically ill: A comparison of feeds with and without fibre

This randomised double-blind study examined the frequency of diarrhoea in intensive care unit patients given a fibre-containing feed, Enrich, and a fibre-free feed, Ensure. A daily diarrhoea score was calculated from the frequency, volume and consistency of the stools. A score greater than 12 indicated diarrhoea, and greater than 50 severe diarrhoea. Ninety one patients met the criteria for participation: Enrich 45, Ensure 46. The groups were similar in age, sex ratio, feed volume, antibiotic usage, upper gastro-intestinal bleeding prophylaxis and plasma albumin concentrations. Diarrhoea occurred in 16 patients given Enrich and 13 given Ensure, severe diarrhoea affecting 5 and 9 respectively (NS). Forty seven of 343 (14%) Enrich feeding days and 51 of 342 (15%) Ensure feeding days were complicated by diarrhoea — severe diarrhoea: 8 and 12 feeding days (NS). We conclude soy polysaccharide (21 g/L) did not reduce diarrhoea in intensive care unit patients given enteral feeds.     

Modulation of feeding-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state

We have previously shown in non-deprived rats that feeding of an unfamiliar palatable food (Fonzies(R)) phasically stimulates in vivo dopamine (DA) transmission in the medial nucleus accumbens (NAc) and this effect undergoes habituation after a previous (24 h) Fonzies meal (Bassareo & Di Chiara 1997, J. Neurosci., 17, 851-861). The present study shows that an unfamiliar food (Kinder(R)) with a taste and composition (milk chocolate) different from that of Fonzies, also induces a release of DA in the NAc subjected to one-trial habituation. Habituation was taste specific as no cross-habituation was observed between Fonzies and Kinder. In undeprived rats, a 40-min exposure to an intrinsic appetitive stimulus (food smell arising from a Fonzies-filled plastic box) also prevented the increase in dialysate DA associated with Fonzies feeding, and this effect was partially reversed by food deprivation. Food deprivation also prevented habituation of Fonzies-induced increase of dialysate DA in the NAc. Predictive association of an empty plastic box to Fonzies feeding resulted in the acquisition of appetitive properties by the box and in facilitation (rather than inhibition) of the phasic responsiveness of DA transmission to Fonzies feeding. A 10-min pre-exposure to appetitive olfactory stimuli intrinsic to Fonzies still prevented, like a 40-min pre-exposure, the NAc DA response to Fonzies feeding; however, a 5-min pre-exposure to these appetitive stimuli did not prevent the DA response in the NAc. These results show that the phasic responsiveness of NAc DA transmission to an unfamiliar palatable food is under strong modulatory control by primary (consummatory) and secondary (appetitive) stimuli, and that the sign and extent of this control depends on the nature of the appetitive stimulus, delay of reward and motivational state (deprivation).     

More than just a health issue: a review of current issues in the care of enterally-fed children living in the community

There are increasing numbers of children with a disability living in the community who require enteral tube feeds to optimize their nutritional status. Whilst there appears to be evidence of health gains, for some children there may also be serious and unintended social deprivations resulting from the need to be tube fed. This paper reviews the literature on support for children who are tube fed and makes a case for more coordinated and effective support services for families who are tube feeding a child at home. It is argued that national guidance should be developed which clarifies the position of all non-parent carers and staff who are willing to administer enteral tube feeds. Such guidance should also ensure that enterally-fed children have the same rights to educational and social services as other children and that families are given the opportunity to make informed decisions about the implications of enteral feeding prior to it being established.     

社区爱婴行动对母乳喂养促进作用的研究

为了解社区爱婴行动对母乳喂养的促进作用,江苏省在南京市及镇江市社区内开展了多种爱婴活动,并在项目活动开始时及结束时进行了问卷调查。结果表明,终末调查与基础调查相比,产妇出院前２４ｈ内纯母乳喂养率和调查前２４ｈ内纯母乳喂养率均有明显上升,母亲在孕期及出院后接受母乳喂养健康教育的比例均有明显提高,母亲认为４个月内婴儿应该开始添加辅食的比例及４个月内婴儿实际添加辅食者的比例均有明显下降。提示社区爱婴行动确实大大促进了母乳喂养率的提高。     

Oral pseudomonas aeruginosa immunization enhances survival in mice subsequently burned and infected with P. aeruginosa

Mice fed 0 serotype-specific strains of P. aeruginosa for two weeks, had increased titers of IgM but not IgG antibodies to the strains fed. Immunized mice, burned and infected with P. aeruginosa, showed significant 0 serotype-specific enhanced survival. Survival of mice fed several 0 serotype-specific strains simultaneously increased when these mice were burned and infected with P. aeruginosa homologous to those fed except when a high exotoxin A producing strain was used. Mice fed purified exotoxin A showed an increased LD₅₀ when injected with graded toxin doses. Feeding both 0 serotype-specific P. aeruginosa plus exotocin A increased survival even with burn and infection using the high toxin producing strain. We conclude that feeding P. aeruginosa antigens provides successful immunization which avoids the effects of parental adminstration.     

御生堂减肥胶囊的急性毒性及致突变性

背景与目的:测试御生堂减肥胶囊的急性毒性及致突变性.材料与方法:按<食品安全性毒理学评价程序和方法>进行了小鼠的急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30 d喂养试验及Ames试验.结果:小鼠LD50＞215 000mg/kg,小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验测试组和对照组相比差异均无显著性,Ames试验中不同剂量组在加S9和不加S9条件下的回变菌落数均未超过空白对照组回变菌落数的2倍;大鼠30 d喂养试验各剂量组动物生长发育良好,血液及生化指标均在正常范围内,各试验组与对照组比较差异无显著性,病理学检查结果肝、肾、胃、肠均正常.结论:御生堂减肥胶囊属无毒物质,致突变试验及30 d喂养试验均为阴性结果.