厦门地区低致病性禽流感病毒流行病学调查与分析

目的 了解厦门地区家禽低致病性禽流感病毒的流行情况。方法 本研究选取禽流感病毒检出率最高的冬春季节,从厦门市几家主要活禽交易市场采集家禽棉拭子及环境样品,用荧光定量PCR方法进行低致病性禽流感病毒的检测和分型鉴定。结果 从534份样品中,检测出低致病性禽流感病毒阳性216份,检出率为40.4%。本地低致病禽流感病毒的HA亚型至少6种,检出率由高到低依次为H9、H6、H11、H12、H1、H3;NA亚型至少5种,检出率由高到低依次为N2、N6、N3、N8、N9。结论 活禽交易市场家禽中存在不同亚型混合感染情况,尤其以水禽最明显,可同时检出多种亚型。提示今后厦门的疫病防控须加大对水禽的监测及交易市场的管理和消毒。     

Avian influenza and ban on overnight poultry storage in live poultry markets, Hong Kong

We analyzed ≈12 years of surveillance data on avian influenza in Hong Kong live poultry markets. A ban on keeping live poultry overnight in these markets reduced virus isolation rates by 84% in chickens (p = 0.006) and 100% (p = 0.01) in minor poultry.     

Avian Influenza Vaccination of Poultry and Passive Case Reporting,Egypt

We investigated the influence of a mass poultry vaccination campaign on passive surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype (H5N1) outbreaks among poultry in Egypt. Passive reporting dropped during the campaign, although probability of infection remained unchanged. Future poultry vaccination campaigns should consider this negative impact on reporting for adapting surveillance strategies.     

Avian influenza a (H5N1) virus antibodies in poultry cullers, South Korea, 2003-2004

Transmission of influenza (H5N1) virus from birds to humans is a serious public health threat. In South Korea, serologic investigation among 2,512 poultry workers exposed during December 2003-March 2004 to poultry with confirmed or suspected influenza (H5N1) virus infection found antibodies in 9. Frequency of bird-to-human transmission was low.     

Poultry rearing and slaughtering practices in rural Egypt: an exploration of risk factors for H5N1 virus human transmission

Please cite this paper as: Lohiniva et al. (2012) Poultry rearing and slaughtering practices in rural Egypt: an exploration of risk factors for H5N1 virus human transmission. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12023. Background  Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus continues to cause infections in Egypt. This study describes the practices associated with raising and slaughtering household poultry to identify risk factors for H5N1 infection and reasons for non‐compliance with preventive measures. Methods  An investigation was conducted of 56 households with household flocks (19 households with human H5N1 cases, 19 with poultry H5N1 cases, and 18 with no reported poultry or human H5N1 cases). Data were collected via structured observations and in‐depth interviews. Results  Half of the households kept at least some free‐range poultry and mixed at least some different species of poultry as it was considered beneficial for the poultry. Feeding and cleaning practices exposed children to contact with poultry; slaughtering contaminated homes; use of personal protective barriers was not a norm; waste management exposed the communities to slaughtering waste and dead chickens; and reporting of sick and dead poultry was not a practice. Only minor changes in poultry‐handling took place following H5N1 virus outbreaks. Discussion  H5N1 virus prevention in Egypt represents both an epidemiological and socio‐cultural challenge. Traditional poultry‐rearing practices that likely increase exposures to H5N1‐infected poultry are common throughout Egypt. Despite education campaigns following sporadic H5N1 outbreaks, no differences in these practices could be detected between households with previous H5N1 human or poultry cases and those households with any previous experience with H5N1. Development of H5N1 infection–related education campaign strategies should focus on perceptions underlying traditional practices in order to tailor public awareness messages that are meaningful for communities.     

2011-2012年湖北省十堰市城乡活禽市场禽流感监测分析

目的 监测湖北省十堰市城乡活禽市场中禽流行性感冒（禽流感）病毒的分布状况,为人禽流感防控提供参考依据。方法 2011-2012年,设置十堰市区和郧县两个监测点,每季度从各监测点采集10~15份外环境标本（冲洗水、污水、禽类粪便及笼具表面等）,累计采集210份,以实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测禽流感病毒核酸FluA,阳性者检测H5、H7、H9亚型核酸和N1核酸。结果 FluA、H5、H7、H9和N1的检出率依次为47.62%、19.52%、0、34.76%和17.62%。FluA检出率最高的环境标本为冲洗禽类的污水（65.22%）,最低的为禽类粪便（36.62%）,阳性标本多数明确来自鸡源,少数来自鸽和鸭。FluA、H5与H9的检出率均在一、三季度较低,二、四季度较高,H5检出率总体上低于H9。市区禽流感病毒核酸FluA、H5、H9和N1检出率均明显高于郧县。结论 十堰市城乡活禽市场的禽类与外环境中常年流行着H5和H9等多种亚型禽流感病毒,应积极采取综合性防控措施。     

2006-2012年上海市基于网络实验室的肠炎沙门菌耐药监测

目的 建立区域性网络实验室监测和分析肠炎沙门菌的耐药特征变化为科学防治提供参考依据。 方法 2006-2012年,上海市8个区域公共卫生实验室和24家临床实验室依据标化方法分离184株肠炎沙门菌食源环境菌株与1146株肠炎沙门菌腹泻病例菌株,使用纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测菌株对16种抗生素的耐药性,应用WHONET软件建立耐药数据库。 结果 历年中肠炎沙门菌在禽肉中污染率最高(155/184);实验室诊断病例主要分布在5岁以下和18~59岁、1~4岁病例明显高于1岁以下、60岁以上病例呈逐年上升趋势。所有肠炎沙门菌对萘啶酸耐药率均超过90%;多重耐药株(对氨苄西林-氯霉素-链霉素-磺胺异噁唑-四环素耐药型,ACSSuT)存在于鸡肉和2009年的1例食物中毒暴发病例中;耐头孢吡肟食源和腹泻株分别出现在2011年和2008年;腹泻株对环丙沙星和头孢噻肟的耐药率高于食源株;低年龄组病例对三代头孢和环丙沙星耐药的菌株分别约占2/3和1/2。 结论 上海市肠炎沙门菌腹泻病例存在社区内获得和食源性感染等不同因素,肠炎沙门菌多重耐药型ACSSuT可能是潜在的高致病性流行株。提高临床实验室常规诊断能力,优化和减少老年人和婴幼儿对抗生素暴露,重视多重耐药菌株导致的疾病负担。     

禽畜养殖与甲型流感抗体水平关系研究

目的 了解养殖家禽家禽对个体血清中甲型流感抗体水平的影响。方法 用微量半加敏血凝抑制试验对家禽家畜养殖地区的自然人群进行流感病毒的抗体水平检测，并用单因素以及多因素（Logistic回归模型）的分析方法探讨流感病毒抗体水平的影响因素。结果 发现养殖家禽家禽是感染甲型流感病毒的危险因素，且养殖数量与抗体水平呈现一定的剂量－反应关系。结论 流感监测应将从事家禽家畜养殖者作为重点监测人群。     

THE ENIGMA OF COPPER SULFATE IN ANIMAL NUTRITION

Copper is one of the more cost-effective feed additives when added to diets at pharmacologic levels for growth and feed efficiency enhancement of pigs. Its role is less secure, however, in the nutrition of swine and poultry.     

Salmonella enteritidis in broiler chickens, United States, 2000-2005

US Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) data on Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in broiler chicken carcass rinses collected from 2000 through 2005 showed the annual number of isolates increased >4-fold and the proportion of establishments with Salmonella Enteritidis-positive rinses increased nearly 3-fold (test for trend, p<0.0001). The number of states with Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler rinses increased from 14 to 24. The predominant phage types (PT) were PT 13 and PT 8, 2 strains that a recent Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) case-control study associated with eating chicken. FSIS is directing more sampling resources toward plants with marginal Salmonella control to reduce prevalence in products including broilers. The policy targets establishments with common Salmonella serotypes of human illness, including Salmonella Enteritidis. Voluntary interventions should be implemented by industry.