2000-2009年天津市汉沽区流行性腮腺炎发病流行特征分析

目的 了解天津市汉沽区2000-2009年近10年的流行性腮腺炎(流腮)流行病学特征.方法 采用描述流行病学方法对2000-2009年汉沽区疾病监测信息报告的流腮疫情资料进行分析.结果 汉沽区2000-2009年共报告流腮病例1074例,年平均发病率为61.79/10万,2003年为发病流行年.发病有明显的季节性,4-...     

蒲地蓝口服液治疗儿童流行性腮腺炎30例临床分析

目的:探讨分析蒲地蓝口服液对儿童流行性腮腺炎的疗效。方法:60例流行性腮腺炎患儿被随机分为治疗组(30例)与对照组(30例);对照组抗病毒常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上每天给蒲地蓝口服液口服,两组持续治疗5～7 d,进行临床观察。结果:治疗组总有效率为100%,对照组总有效率为77%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:蒲地蓝口服液治疗流行性腮腺炎起效快、安全、疗效好,值得推广。     

一起小学流行性腮腺炎爆发的调查分析

目的核实疫情,确定某小学流行性腮腺炎(简称流腮)暴发的存在并描述疫情三间分布特征和流行强度,探讨发病危险因素。结论按照病例定义,开展病例搜索,描述其三间分布后,结合现场流行病学调查情况,形成假设,再采用病例对照研究方法验证假设。结果某小学2009年5月1日至6月18日搜索到符合病例定义的病例共33例。首例病例5月21日发病,6月14-17日出现发病高峰。二(3)班罹患率最高,为28%。男生罹患率为12%,女生罹患率为9%。病例对照研究表明,在校就餐是危险因素;吃午饭前洗手、平时洗手时使用肥皂是保护因素。结论根据病例临床表现、三间分布特征,确定某小学存在流行性腮腺炎暴发;建议校方减少学生在教室就餐的机会,加强宣传教育,提高学生自我保护意识,养成良好的洗手习惯。     

Seeking the optimal schedule for chickenpox vaccination in Canada: Using an agent-based model to explore the impact of dose timing,coverage and waning of immunity on disease outcomes

Many countries continue to consider implementing a universal chickenpox vaccine program; however, there is no consensus on the most appropriate and effective timing between vaccine doses. The chickenpox vaccine schedule debate is highlighted in Canada, where there are currently eight different vaccine schedules across the country. The objective of this study was to test the overall effectiveness of chickenpox vaccination, as well as the specific impact of two different vaccine schedules, on chickenpox disease outcomes in Alberta over 75 years. Using an agent-based model of chickenpox disease, we tested the impact of three vaccination scenarios including: baseline (no vaccination), a long dosing interval-Schedule LDI (1^st dose – 12 months; 2^nd dose –  4-6 years) and a short dosing interval-Schedule SDI (1^st dose – 12 months; 2^nd dose – 18 months) on chickenpox and shingles disease outcomes. Chickenpox vaccination led to a substantial decrease in chickenpox incidence over 75 years post-vaccine implementation. Compared to Schedule LDI, Schedule SDI resulted in a significantly lower chickenpox incidence, a higher age of chickenpox infection, a lower chickenpox breakthrough rate and a higher shingles incidence rate. Our model findings suggest that the chickenpox vaccine is effective over a long period of time and the dose timing of the vaccine may impact disease outcomes and vaccine effectiveness. However, the effectiveness of the vaccine dose timing is only one consideration for policy-makers who are implementing a chickenpox vaccine program, with others including risk of adverse events, the impact of the schedule on other antigens in a combination vaccine, parental acceptance and the cost associated with different schedules.     

Healthcare workers’ knowledge,beliefs, and coverage regarding vaccinations in critical care units in Italy

BackgroundLow rates of vaccine coverage have resulted in a resurgence of several vaccine-preventable diseases in many European countries. Routine vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) is important to reduce disease transmission, and to promote vaccine awareness and acceptance in the population. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to investigate knowledge and beliefs about vaccines and to evaluate self-reported immunization coverage with vaccines recommended for HCWs. Additionally, the effects of several factors on these outcomes have been evaluated.MethodsA survey was conducted between September and November 2018 among a random sample of HCWs in cardiac, adult, and neonatal critical care units of 8 randomly selected hospitals across the Campania and Calabria Regions in Italy. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analysis has been performed.ResultsA total 531 HCWs returned the questionnaire for a response rate of 54.9%. Based on a vaccination knowledge score ranging from 0 to 9, more than half of the participants (55.4%) knew few of the vaccines recommended for HCWs (≤3 correct answers), 16.2% knew some vaccines (4–6 correct answers), and 28.4% knew most vaccines (≥7 correct answers), and only 13.2% knew all the vaccines recommended for HCWs. However, two-thirds (62.2%) knew that hepatitis B and influenza vaccines were recommended, and this knowledge was significantly higher among females (p < 0.001), among HCWs aged between 50 and 59 years (p = 0.01) compared with those aged < 30 years, and in those who search for information about recommended vaccines for HCWs (p = 0.012). The vaccine knowledge was significantly lower among nurses and nursing supporting staff compared with physicians (p = 0.032). Approximately two-thirds (62.7%) of HCWs considered themselves at risk of contracting vaccine-preventable infectious diseases during their professional practice. High rates of coverage were self-reported for hepatitis B (96.3%), tetanus and pertussis (93.7%), whereas they were lower for measles/mumps/rubella (80.5%), chickenpox (65.3%), and influenza (35.8%). Only 9.2% of HCWs reported prior receipt of all recommended vaccines. Male HCWs were less likely to report prior receipt of all recommended vaccines (p = 0.011). HCWs aged between 30 and 39 years compared with those aged < 30 years (p = 0.001) and those who knew some (p < 0.001) and most (p = 0.007) of all vaccines recommended for HCWs were more likely to self-report to be immunized.ConclusionsAdditional training about the vaccinations is needed to improve HCWs knowledge and to address specific concerns which may lead to better uptake among this group.     

Vaccine administration error rates at a large academic medical center and its affiliated clinics – Familiarity matters

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to track and describe the absolute number of vaccine administration errors and corresponding error rates over time and by patient age and vaccine type.MethodsTotal vaccines administered to patients aged 0 through 19 years 364 days from 1/1/2006 through 12/31/2017 at a large academic health system in the Midwest United States with primary, specialty and school-based clinics, and a pediatric hospital were obtained from an electronic medical record. Vaccine administration errors over the same time period for the same patient criteria were analyzed from the health system’s incident reporting system and further compared to the frequency of all incidents reported. Vaccine administration error rates were calculated. Data were analyzed by patient age, vaccine type and year administered.ResultsOf the 1,431,206 vaccine doses given, 552 vaccine administration errors were identified (0.04%). The highest error rates occurred in children aged 2, 3, and 19 years. Vaccine types with the highest error rate were Td, rabies and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Overall vaccine doses given and errors reported increased over the study period. However, the increase was disproportionate, resulting in an increase in the error rate initially followed by a stabilization at the end of the study period.ConclusionsVaccine administration errors are uncommon. The error rate appears to be stabilizing. Errors are more likely at ages when vaccines are not commonly given, with vaccines that have age-specific dosing and with vaccines that are given less often. This suggests more safety checks are needed for vaccines that are rarely used or given off-schedule, and manufacturers should avoid vaccines with age-specific dosing.     

Children vaccination coverage surveys: Impact of multiple sources of information and multiple contact attempts

BackgroundMonitoring vaccination coverage is an essential component of vaccination program evaluation. In Québec (Canada), children vaccination coverage surveys are conducted every two years since 2006. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of supplementing data based on vaccination booklets with data from vaccine providers, on the final estimated vaccination coverage and to compare vaccination coverage between respondents to each survey contact attempt.MethodsData from six cross-sectional surveys were used, which included 3508 children aged 2 years. Parents were invited to transcribe the information available in their child’s vaccination booklet on the questionnaire received by mail. The survey included a maximum of 4 contact attempts to obtain a response. Data were completed among vaccine providers identified by parents. The main outcome was a complete vaccination status by 24 months of age.ResultsThe addition of data from vaccine providers to those present in vaccination booklets increased the proportion of children fully vaccinated from 5.5% to 23.7% depending on the survey year. The proportion of children fully vaccinated by 24 months of age estimated among respondents to contact 1 was only 2.1% higher than the estimates among all respondents.ConclusionsWithout validation among vaccine providers for children with missing doses according to vaccination booklets, results underestimated vaccination coverage in the target population. Conducting multiple contact attempts increased the response rate but had limited impact on the validity of estimates. It would be useful in future surveys to present the coverage obtain from respondents to each contact attempt.     

Mumps outbreak investigation in Jaisalmer,Rajasthan, India,June-September 2016

Mumps, a vaccine-preventable disease, cause inflammation of salivary glands and may cause severe complications, such as encephalitis, meningitis, deafness, and orchitis/oophoritis. In India, mumps vaccine is not included in the universal immunization program and during 2009 to 2014, 72 outbreaks with greater than 1500 cases were reported. In August 2016, a suspected mumps outbreak was reported in Jaisalmer block, Rajasthan. We investigated to confirm the etiology, describe the epidemiology, and recommend prevention and control measures. We defined a case as swelling in the parotid region in a Jaisalmer block resident between 23 June 2016 and 10 September 2016. We searched for cases in health facilities and house-to-house in affected villages and hamlets. We tested blood samples of cases for mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found 162 cases (60% males) with a median age of 9.4 years (range: 7 month-38 years) and 65 (40%) were females. Symptoms included fever (70%) and bilateral swelling in neck (65%). None of them were vaccinated against mumps. Most (84%) cases were school-going children (3-16 years old). The overall attack rate was 2%. Village A, with two hamlets, had the highest attack rate (hamlet 1 = 13% and hamlet 2 = 12%). School A of village A, hamlet 1, which accommodated 200 children in two classrooms, had an attack rate of 55%. Of 18 blood samples from cases, 11 tested positive for mumps IgM ELISA. This was a confirmed mumps outbreak in Jaisalmer block that disproportionately affected school-going children. We recommended continued surveillance, 5-day absence from school, and vaccination.     

阿昔洛韦联合干扰素治疗流行性腮腺炎性睾丸炎临床分析

目的观察阿昔洛韦联合干扰素治疗流行性腮腺炎合并睾丸炎的疗效。方法选择2005年6月—2012年2月在我院治疗的流行性腮腺炎性睾丸炎23例,将其分为治疗组13例,对照组10例。两组均给予对症处理等综合治疗,对照组采用静脉滴注阿昔洛韦20 mg/(kg·d),连用5～7 d。治疗组应用阿昔洛韦联合干扰素α-2 b注射液,疗程5～7 d。观察两组体温消退时间、腮腺及睾丸肿痛消退时间及有无发生睾丸萎缩。结果治疗组体温恢复正常、腮腺肿痛消退、睾丸肿痛消退时间均短于对照组;对照组1例发生睾丸萎缩,治疗组无睾丸萎缩。结论阿昔洛韦联合干扰素治疗流行性腮腺炎合并睾丸炎效果良好,可有效缩短病程、改善预后,且无明显不良反应。