全文获取类型
收费全文 | 226919篇 |
免费 | 49071篇 |
国内免费 | 3956篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 2432篇 |
儿科学 | 7168篇 |
妇产科学 | 2242篇 |
基础医学 | 42026篇 |
口腔科学 | 9101篇 |
临床医学 | 21592篇 |
内科学 | 46408篇 |
皮肤病学 | 5811篇 |
神经病学 | 28039篇 |
特种医学 | 8525篇 |
外国民族医学 | 28篇 |
外科学 | 22899篇 |
综合类 | 13629篇 |
现状与发展 | 18篇 |
一般理论 | 8篇 |
预防医学 | 13352篇 |
眼科学 | 2448篇 |
药学 | 27125篇 |
41篇 | |
中国医学 | 6138篇 |
肿瘤学 | 20916篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 381篇 |
2023年 | 2212篇 |
2022年 | 4930篇 |
2021年 | 6985篇 |
2020年 | 10264篇 |
2019年 | 15345篇 |
2018年 | 14738篇 |
2017年 | 15756篇 |
2016年 | 14660篇 |
2015年 | 15138篇 |
2014年 | 17123篇 |
2013年 | 18213篇 |
2012年 | 16104篇 |
2011年 | 17112篇 |
2010年 | 14325篇 |
2009年 | 11241篇 |
2008年 | 11677篇 |
2007年 | 9486篇 |
2006年 | 8406篇 |
2005年 | 7790篇 |
2004年 | 7088篇 |
2003年 | 6431篇 |
2002年 | 5465篇 |
2001年 | 4424篇 |
2000年 | 3083篇 |
1999年 | 1963篇 |
1998年 | 1665篇 |
1997年 | 1615篇 |
1996年 | 1433篇 |
1995年 | 1296篇 |
1994年 | 1202篇 |
1993年 | 1132篇 |
1992年 | 922篇 |
1991年 | 839篇 |
1990年 | 692篇 |
1989年 | 615篇 |
1988年 | 590篇 |
1987年 | 586篇 |
1986年 | 675篇 |
1985年 | 914篇 |
1984年 | 874篇 |
1983年 | 651篇 |
1982年 | 693篇 |
1981年 | 596篇 |
1980年 | 571篇 |
1979年 | 475篇 |
1978年 | 307篇 |
1977年 | 266篇 |
1976年 | 262篇 |
1975年 | 157篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Marvin Rubenstein Robert Saffrin Michael Shaw Sergey Muchnik Patrick Guinan 《The Prostate》1995,27(3):148-153
Orthotopic placement of in vitro propagated Dunning R3327 AT-3 tumor cells resulted in a greater percentage of tumor takes and a two-fold shift in the exponential growth curve compared to flank implantation. The orthotopic tumor appeared to disseminate preferentially to regional lymph nodes, rather than to the lungs which is characteristic of flank tumors. The results suggest an important role of stromal-epithelial interactions in the growth of this tumor. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
92.
Harold T. Kyriazi George E. Carvell Joshua C. Brumberg Daniel J. Simons 《Brain research》1996,712(2):325
Extracellular single-unit recordings were made in somatosensory cortical barrels of fentanyl-sedated rats. Whiskers were deflected singly or in paired combinations. lontophoretically-applied (−)-baclofen disproportionately reduced weak responses, and phaclofen disproportionately increased them, resulting in more tightly focused or more broadly focused receptive fields, respectively. Both drugs had only minor effects on surround inhibition. In light of previous findings, we conclude that GABAA and GABAB mechanisms both act to enhance spatial contrast, but that the former plays a much greater role in enhancing temporal resolution. 相似文献
93.
B. Hagander J. Holm† N.-G. Asp† S. Efendi‡ I. Lundquist§ P. Nilsson-Ehle B. Scherstén 《Journal of human nutrition and dietetics》1988,1(4):239-246
Test meals with 10.9 g dietary fibre from sugar beet and corresponding control meals were given to eight healthy subjects, aged 67 ± 9 years. The postprandial glucose, triglyceride, hormone and glycerol responses were monitored during 3 hours. After the beet fibre meal the insulin and C-peptide areas were reduced by 28 ( P < 0.01) and 22% ( P > 0.025), respectively, and the somatostatin levels increased by approximately 30% ( P > 0.05). Further, the maximum relative postprandial reduction of plasma glycerol levels was less evident after the fibre-rich meal than after the control meal (36 ± 4% v. 46 ± 4%, P < 0.05). There was no apparent difference in the overall glycaemic response between the meals. The triglyceride levels were similar after both test meals.
Suspension of beet fibre bread given to rats by oro-gastric intubation induced lower blood glucose response than a control bread at 15 and 30 min ( P < 0.001), respectively, but a similar insulin response.
The results suggest an effect of beet fibre on the rate of carbohydrate absorption, expressed as a lower insulin response in the healthy volunteers and a reduced glucose response in the rat.
The mechanism behind this effect in healthy subjects could possibly be mediated by an increased somatostatin response. 相似文献
Suspension of beet fibre bread given to rats by oro-gastric intubation induced lower blood glucose response than a control bread at 15 and 30 min ( P < 0.001), respectively, but a similar insulin response.
The results suggest an effect of beet fibre on the rate of carbohydrate absorption, expressed as a lower insulin response in the healthy volunteers and a reduced glucose response in the rat.
The mechanism behind this effect in healthy subjects could possibly be mediated by an increased somatostatin response. 相似文献
94.
Stanislw Ryng Zdzislw Machn Zbigniew Wieczorek Michal Zimecki Tadeusz Glowiak 《Archiv der Pharmazie》1997,330(11):319-326
A series of 5-aminomethinimino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid phenylamides 4 has been prepared by condensation of 5-amino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid phenylamides 1 with trichloroacetic aldehyde. Alcoholysis of trichloro derivatives 2 gave 5-alkoxymethine derivatives 3 which, on reaction with an appropriate amine, formed the corresponding compounds 4 . The compounds obtained were evaluated for their immunological activity. The properties of three compounds, described in this report, permitted inhibition of the immune response in all possible ways: diminishing both types of immune response ( 4d ), humoral immune response ( 4a ), or cellular immune response ( 4c ). Preparation 4d is comparable in its effectiveness to CsA, so it may be potentially used as an agent for prolongation of the function of transplanted organs. Two other compounds may potentially be used in cases where only one type the immune response is required for combating pathogen invasion. 相似文献
95.
96.
Characterization of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of dihydrocodeine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
L. C. Kirkwood R. L. Nation & A. A. Somogyi 《British journal of clinical pharmacology》1997,44(6):549-555
Aims Using human liver microsomes from donors of the CYP2D6 poor and extensive metabolizer genotypes, the role of individual cytochromes P-450 in the oxidative metabolism of dihydrocodeine was investigated.
Methods The kinetics of formation of N- and O -demethylated metabolites, nordihydrocodeine and dihydromorphine, were determined using microsomes from six extensive and one poor metabolizer and the effects of chemical inhibitors selective for individual P-450 enzymes of the 1A, 2A, 2C, 2D, 2E and 3A families and of LKM1 (anti-CYP2D6) antibodies were studied.
Results Nordihydrocodeine was the major metabolite in both poor and extensive metabolizers. Kinetic constants for N -demethylation derived from the single enzyme Michaelis-Menten model did not differ between the two groups. Troleandomycin and erythromycin selectively inhibited N -demethylation in both extensive and poor metabolizers. The CYP3A inducer, α-naphthoflavone, increased N -demethylation rates. The kinetics of formation of dihydromorphine in both groups were best described by a single enzyme Michaelis-Menten model although inhibition studies in extensive metabolizers suggested involvement of two enzymes with similar K m values. The kinetic constants for O -demethylation were significantly different in extensive and poor metabolizers. The extensive metabolizers had a mean intrinsic clearance to dihydromorphine more than ten times greater than the poor metabolizer. The CYP2D6 chemical inhibitors, quinidine and quinine, and LKM1 antibodies inhibited O -demethylation in extensive metabolizers; no effect was observed in microsomes from a poor metabolizer.
Conclusions CYP2D6 is the major enzyme mediating O -demethylation of dihydrocodeine to dihydromorphine. In contrast, nordihydrocodeine formation is predominantly catalysed by CYP3A. 相似文献
Methods The kinetics of formation of N- and O -demethylated metabolites, nordihydrocodeine and dihydromorphine, were determined using microsomes from six extensive and one poor metabolizer and the effects of chemical inhibitors selective for individual P-450 enzymes of the 1A, 2A, 2C, 2D, 2E and 3A families and of LKM1 (anti-CYP2D6) antibodies were studied.
Results Nordihydrocodeine was the major metabolite in both poor and extensive metabolizers. Kinetic constants for N -demethylation derived from the single enzyme Michaelis-Menten model did not differ between the two groups. Troleandomycin and erythromycin selectively inhibited N -demethylation in both extensive and poor metabolizers. The CYP3A inducer, α-naphthoflavone, increased N -demethylation rates. The kinetics of formation of dihydromorphine in both groups were best described by a single enzyme Michaelis-Menten model although inhibition studies in extensive metabolizers suggested involvement of two enzymes with similar K
Conclusions CYP2D6 is the major enzyme mediating O -demethylation of dihydrocodeine to dihydromorphine. In contrast, nordihydrocodeine formation is predominantly catalysed by CYP3A. 相似文献
97.
PACAP is a hypothalamic hypophysiotropic factor that acts upon a number of pituitary cells, including gonadotrophs. In the gonadotroph-derived αT3-1 cell line, PACAP acts via PVR1 receptors to stimulate adenylyl cyclase and phosphoinositidase C. PACAP-stimulated cAMP accumulation is inhibited by protein kinase C-activating phorbol esters in these cells and the current work was undertaken primarily to establish whether it is also subject to homologous regulation. In acute experiments, PACAP27-stimulated cAMP accumulation (intracellular plus extracellular) was measured (in the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitor) both in intact cells and in cell membranes. The peptide increased cAMP accumulation, but initial rates of PACAP27-stimulated cAMP accumulation were reduced to between 10 and 50% within 10 min of stimulation in both cells and membranes. The initial rate of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation was maintained in membranes but not in intact cells (although the deviation from linearity was less pronounced than with PACAP27). Thus, rapid homologous desensitization to PACAP27 occurs in intact αT3-1 cells, but is not entirely receptor specific. Rapid homologous desensitization of PACAP27-stimulated cAMP accumulation also occurred in the presence of a protein kinase C activating phorbol ester, which inhibited cAMP accumulation without altering the kinetics of the PACAP27 effect. Brief pre-treatment (3 min) with PACAP27 also reduced the ability of PACAP27, but not gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, to cause a spike-type elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration (a consequence of phosphoinositidase C activation). In chronic desensitization studies, pre-treatment for 6 h with PACAP27 caused a dose-dependent (IC50 approximately 10 nM) reduction of PACAP-stimulated cAMP accumulation and down regulated cell surface PVR1 receptors (to approximately 50%). Thus, it appears that PACAP27-stimulated (PVR-1 receptor mediated) adenylyl cyclase undergoes rapid homologous desensitization in αT3-1 cells, which is paralleled by homologous desensitization of PACAP27-stimulated phosphoinositidase C activity and involves mechanisms distinct from those underlying heterologous desensitization by phorbol esters. Chronic desensitization of PACAP-stimulated cAMP accumulation and down-regulation of cell surface PVR-1 receptors also occurs in these cells although the receptor loss may not entirely explain the observed desensitization. 相似文献
98.
以环己酮为起始原料,经与苯肼缩合、氧化、Mannich 反应制得1,2,3,9-四氢-3-二甲胺基甲基-4H-咔唑-4-酮盐酸盐(5),后者再与2-甲基咪唑缩合、甲基化合成翁丹西隆,总收率为10.4%。 相似文献
99.
Dario Roccatello Marco Formica Guido Cavalli Maria C. Amprimo Maria G. Pignatelli Paolo Costa Ruggero de Paulis Giacomo Quattrocchio rea Molino Gianbeppe Giordano 《Artificial organs》1990,14(1):69-72
Neutrophil oxidative metabolism, C3d and beta 2 microglobulin levels, were assessed in nine consecutive patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery with polypropylene hollow fiber oxygenators for open cardiac operations. Generation of oxygen free radicals by neutrophils was measured as luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence after stimulation with opsonized Zymosan and phorbol myristate acetate. A significant increase in light emission was detected by using both of the chemiluminescence stimulators. Moreover, a remarkable and significant increase in C3d levels was found already at 10 min. Conversely minimal changes in levels of beta 2 microglobulin were detected during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. These data suggest that the impact of the patient blood with the foreign surface of cardiopulmonary bypass results in activation of phagocyte cells with increased potential in oxygen consumption. These effects could be partially complement-mediated. 相似文献
100.
The brain is isolated behind a blood-tissue barrier that restricts the access of circulating proteins to neural cells. There is evidence that some of these proteins are synthesized within the central nervous system. The present study examines the synthesis and secretion of such proteins by cultured macroglial cells. Primary glial cultures were derived from cortical and subcortical regions of neonatal rat brains, and subsequent secondary cultures were enriched in type-1 astrocytes, type-2 astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. Newly synthesized proteins were immunoprecipitated from the culture media using antisera directed against whole rat serum. All three types of glial cells secreted a range of plasma proteins. In general, type-1 astrocytes secreted more of these proteins than did type-2 astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, although the one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) profiles were specific for each cell type. Antisera directed against specific plasma proteins identified three of the most abundant proteins secreted by type-1 astrocytes as transferrin, α-2-macroglobulin, and ceruloplasmin. Northern blot analysis of cellular RNA confirmed that type-1 astrocytes contained transferrin mRNA, and that it was more abundant in cultures derived from subcortical regions than from cortical regions. In situ hybridization studies revealed that virtually all type-1 and type-2 astrocytes contained transferrin mRNA. Since the proteins identified in this study have been proposed to have a variety of neurotrophic roles in the central nervous system, these data further extend the range of possible functions that glial cells may serve in the CNS. 相似文献