老年高血压患者体位性低血压的相关因素分析和干预措施

目的探讨老年高血压患者体位性低血压(orthostatic hypotension,OH)的相关因素,并提出合理的干预措施以降低OH的发生率。方法选取2016年9月至2018年6月在新华医院老年医学科诊治的老年高血压患者217例,OH组57例,非OH组(NOH组)160例。比较两组的基线资料、降压药物使用情况、基础疾病情况。危险因素的筛选采用Logistics多因素回归分析。结果Logistics多因素回归分析结果显示年龄(OR=1.335,95%CI:1.125~1.584,P=0.002)、α受体阻断药(OR=1.582,95%CI:1.239~2.020,P=0.000)、降压药物≥3种(OR=1.452,95%CI:1.169~1.804,P=0.018)、心房颤动(OR=1.362,95%CI:1.206~1.538,P=0.008)和合并疾病≥2种(OR=1.485,95%CI:1.241~1.777,P=0.001)是OH的独立危险因素。结论老年高血压患者OH的发生率与高龄、α受体阻断药、心房颤动、合并多种疾病以及联合应用≥3种降压药物有关,必须对这些因素加以有针对性的干预,以降低OH发生率。     

通心络对低氧低压性肺动脉高压大鼠的治疗作用及其机制

为探讨通心络治疗低氧低压性肺动脉高压大鼠的效果及其作用机制。选取健康成年SD雄性大鼠随机分为模型组、对照组及通心络组,模型组和通心络组采用低压低氧环境喂养、对照组采用常规环境喂养,通心络组每天给予通心络灌胃,连续干预4周;对比各组大鼠的肺血管重塑指标(WT%、WA%)、肺血流动力学指标(mPAP、RVSP)及NO、ET-1、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量。实验结果显示,通心络降低NO、ET-1水平,对低氧低压性肺动脉高压大鼠具有显著的治疗效果,可以改善氧化应激功能。     

连续无创血压(CNAP)与传统无创血压(NIAP)在剖宫产脊椎麻醉后血压监测中的比较

目的 研究与传统无创血压（non-invasive arterial pressure,NIAP）监测相比,剖宫产脊椎麻醉（简称脊麻）时连续无创血压（continuous non-invasive arterial pressure,CNAP）监测是否有利于维持产妇血流动力学稳定。方法 选择ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,择期在脊麻下行剖宫产手术的产妇40例,采用随机数字表法将产妇分为2组,CNAP组（CS组）和NIAP组（N组）。血压的管理采用相同的方案,N组根据NIAP测定的血压数据,CS组根据CNAP测得的数据。我们比较了CNAP与NIAP监测的准确性和精确性,使用Bland-Altman散点图对获得的数据进行统计学分析。并记录两组产妇脊麻后低血压出现时间、低血压的发生率和血流动力学稳定的时间。结果 根据2 270对数据,CNAP与NIAP在SBP、DBP和MAP平均偏倚（NIAP-CNAP）和标准差分别为（-4±14）mmHg、（-9±14）mmHg和（-6±13）mmHg。脊麻后两组严重低血压发生率CS组明显低于N组（11.1% vs.28.9%,P=0.035）,CS组血流动力学的稳定时间明显长于N组（93.5% vs.83.7%,P=0.01）。结论 与NIAP监测相比,剖宫产脊麻时CNAP监测有利于维持产妇血流动力学的稳定。     

Projection neurons of the vestibulo‐sympathetic reflex pathway

Changes in head position and posture are detected by the vestibular system and are normally followed by rapid modifications in blood pressure. These compensatory adjustments, which allow humans to stand up without fainting, are mediated by integration of vestibular system pathways with blood pressure control centers in the ventrolateral medulla. Orthostatic hypotension can reflect altered activity of this neural circuitry. Vestibular sensory input to the vestibulo‐sympathetic pathway terminates on cells in the vestibular nuclear complex, which in turn project to brainstem sites involved in the regulation of cardiovascular activity, including the rostral and caudal ventrolateral medullary regions (RVLM and CVLM, respectively). In the present study, sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation was used to activate this pathway, and activated neurons were identified through detection of c‐Fos protein. The retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold was injected into the RVLM or CVLM of these animals, and immunofluorescence studies of vestibular neurons were conducted to visualize c‐Fos protein and Fluoro‐Gold concomitantly. We observed activated projection neurons of the vestibulo‐sympathetic reflex pathway in the caudal half of the spinal, medial, and parvocellular medial vestibular nuclei. Approximately two‐thirds of the cells were ipsilateral to Fluoro‐Gold injection sites in both the RVLM and CVLM, and the remainder were contralateral. As a group, cells projecting to the RVLM were located slightly rostral to those with terminals in the CVLM. Individual activated projection neurons were multipolar, globular, or fusiform in shape. This study provides the first direct demonstration of the central vestibular neurons that mediate the vestibulo‐sympathetic reflex. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2053–2074, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

雷米芬太尼在老年高血压患者腮腺肿瘤手术中的临床应用

目的:探讨雷米芬太尼在老年高血压患者腮腺肿瘤手术中的临床应用价值。方法:选择拟行腮腺肿瘤手术的高血压患者52例,年龄65～82岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分成雷米芬太尼组(R)和芬太尼组(F),每组26例。2组均采用全凭静脉麻醉,诱导方法一致。术中R组持续泵入雷米芬太尼0.05～0.2μg/kg.min-1,F组间断给予芬太尼,最大用量不超过8.0g/kg。2组均以丙泊酚和顺式阿曲库铵维持麻醉。记录不同时间点血流动力学参数、术后恢复情况及早期不良反应。结果:R组术中血流动力学更平稳,出血量少,术后苏醒时间和拔管时间较F组显著缩短(P<0.01)。2组患者自主呼吸恢复时间、术后躁动、疼痛和恶心呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义。结论:老年高血压患者行腮腺手术时,采用雷米芬太尼麻醉可维持血流动力学稳定,减少术野出血,提高患者苏醒质量,具有较高的安全性和临床实用性。     

Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Masquerading as Frontotemporal Dementia

F.D. exhibited the cognitive and behavioral profile of frontotemporal dementia in the context of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Symptoms included orthostatic headache, as well as cognitive and personality changes. He underwent CT, EEG, and MRI as well as neuropsychological evaluations before and after corticosteroid treatment. The initial evaluation documented significant cognitive impairment with a predominance of executive dysfunction. Following treatment, a second evaluation revealed marked improvement in cognition and behavior. Rapid diagnosis and treatment can yield a favorable outcome. Both quantitative and qualitative information from measures of executive functioning were discussed, as well as their anatomical substrates.     

尼卡地平与硝普钠用于主动脉腔内修复术控制性降压效果的比较

目的:观察尼卡地平用于覆膜支架主动脉腔内修复术中控制性降压的效果,并与传统降压药物硝普钠进行比较。方法:选用40例Standford B型主动脉夹层拟经股动脉行覆膜支架主动脉腔内修复手术患者,随机分为尼卡地平(N)组和硝普钠(S)组。观察2组降压前、降压4 min和停止降压后10 min、20 min的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、中心静脉压(CVP)和收缩压与心率乘积(RPP)的变化。结果:应用两种方法均呈现较明显的降压效果。与降压前比较,SBP、DBP明显下降(P<0.01),N组HR无显著变化,S组HR明显增快(P<0.05)。停止用药后,N组血压变化平稳,缓慢回升;S组有血压反跳现象(P<0.05)。降压4 min时,N组RPP明显下降(P<0.05),S组RPP无显著变化。CVP无显著变化。结论:尼卡地平用于夹层动脉瘤覆膜支架主动脉腔内修复术中的控制性降压作用迅速,用药后对心率无显著影响,其效果优于硝普钠,特别适用于伴有冠心病行主动脉夹层腔内修复术的患者。     

TEAS复合药物全麻行控制性降压后胃血流的变化

目的:探讨经皮穴位电刺激(transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,TEAS)复合药物全麻行控制性降压至不同血压水平的胃血流变化,从而明确针药复合麻醉的胃保护机制.方法:54只,♂,比格犬随机分为9组:单纯全麻组、60%对照组、60%实验组、50%对照组、50%实验组、40%对照组、40%实验组、30%对照组、30%实验组,每组6只,后8组动物均以异氟醚联合硝普钠行控制性降压,将动脉血压降至60%、50%、40%、30%基础平均动脉血压水平并维持60min,单纯全麻组不行控制性降压.实验组采用TEAS干预处理,采用激光多普勒组织血流仪监测不同水平相应时间点胃表面血流的变化.结果:在行控制性降压至目标低血压水平(T0)时,所有对照组胃血流均显著低于各自基础水平(P<0.05),而60%实验组、50%实验组胃血流未明显降低,在维持10min(T1)时,除50%实验组外,其他各控压组胃血流均显著低于各自基础水平和同期单纯全麻组水平(P<0.05),50%实验组与同水平对照组相比有显著统计学差异(P<0.05),在血压回升阶段,50%、30%、40%实验组胃血流先后恢复至基础水平和同期单纯全麻组水平,而同水平对照组未明显恢复.结论:轻度控压时(尤其是50%水平),TEAS的胃保护效应明显.重度控压时(尤其是30%水平),TEAS基本无保护效应,但在血压回升结束时,TEAS可促进胃血流的较快恢复.