下消化道出血的少见病因

下消化道出血病因复杂,随着诊疗技术的发展,人们对一些少见病因有了越来越多的了解,现就部分少见病因作一综述,以帮助临床诊断与治疗.     

Analysis of the circumstances at the end of life in children with cancer: Symptoms, suffering and acceptance

BACKGROUND: In an effort to improve the quality of life of children with cancer, this study analyzes the signs and symptoms at the end of life in such children. It is hoped that these data will contribute to the development of appropriate programs to address the challenges faced by these children. PROCEDURE: Between 1994 and 2000, 28 children died after treatment for cancer at Hamamatsu University Hospital, Japan. The circumstances, signs and symptoms at the end of life of these children were analyzed through their medical records. RESULTS: Of the 28 children, the underlying diseases were leukemia/lymphoma (LL group; n=11), brain tumors (BT group; n=7), and other solid tumors (OST group; n=10). Records showed poor appetite (100%), dyspnea (82.1%), pain (75.0%), fatigue (71.4%), nausea/vomiting (57.1%), constipation (46.4%) and diarrhea (21.4%) among these children. Anxiety was reported in 53.6% of the entire group of 28 children; however, no child in the BT group manifested anxiety. However, disturbance of consciousness was reported in all children in the BT group, which was significantly greater than in the other groups. Awareness, fear or acceptance of the imminence of his/her own death as indicated by verbal expression was reported in nine children (32.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Using the data obtained in the present study, we describe situations faced in the terminal care of children. It is important to address the problems revealed by this analysis in order to achieve improvements in both the physical and psychological care of children with terminal cancer.     

鼻胃管胃肠减压在择期腹部手术中的应用价值

鼻胃管胃肠减压曾被常规应用于择期和急诊的腹部手术后，目的是预防急性胃扩张的发生、治疗梗阻、降低吻合口压力等。但是，鼻胃管置入也会带来一些副作用，如呼吸道并发症、胃-食道反流、体液和电解质的丢失、声带的损伤，以及越来越被重视的患者的不适感。近年来的研究结果也对择期的腹部手术后常规应用鼻胃管胃肠减压提出不同的看法。现重新评价应用鼻胃管胃肠减压的理论基础及相关临床研究的结果，并对鼻胃管胃肠减压在择期腹部手术中的价值作一综述。     

颅脑损伤患者脑疝前驱期特征性临床征象的研究

目的分析总结外伤性脑疝前驱期特征性临床征象及意义。方法回顾分析我科近5年238例脑疝发生前2h内的临床表现和辅助检查特点，并与同期198例未发生脑疝的重型颅脑损伤患者进行对比分析。结果脑疝组前驱期征象如昏迷加深、烦躁加重、尿失禁、侧脑室和外侧裂受压变窄伴脑基底池受压变窄、生命体征改变具有特征性，其发生率明显高于非脑疝组，两组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。结论颅脑损伤患者出现脑疝前驱期特征性临床征象应作为超早期开颅的重要依据，是特殊的、迫切的手术指征。     

胃肠癌化疗患者实施临床路径的可行性探讨

目的 探讨针对肿瘤化学治疗所呈现的周期性规律，探索胃肠癌患者在化疗期间实施临床路径流程的可行性。方法 选择有病理诊断的晚期胃肠癌患者140例，随机分成实验组和对照组各70例，实验组实施临床路径流程，对照组实施传统流程，比较两组住院天数、医疗费用、医疗质量及患者满意度。结果 实验组患者的住院天数明显缩短(P＜0．05)，医疗费用明显降低(P＜0．05)，医疗质量及患者满意度均有较大幅度的提高(P＜0．05)。结论 胃肠癌患者化疗期间实施临床路径流程切实可行。     

外周血人类斯钙素1基因表达与消化道恶性肿瘤微转移关系的研究

目的：探讨靶基因人类斯钙素1(hSTC—1)在消化道恶性肿瘤患者外周血中的表达以及与肿瘤微转移的关系。方法：采用RT—PCR方法检测69例消化道恶性肿瘤患者外周血中的人类斯钙素1(hSTC—1)mRNA，12例健康成人、4例妊娠期妇女、14例消化道炎症疾病患者，并检测12例消化道恶性肿瘤患者手术中新鲜组织标本中的hSTC—1 mRNA。结果：69例消化道恶性肿瘤患者外周血中，食管癌组hSTC—lmRNA的阳性率为52．9％(9／17例)，胃癌组的阳性率为57．7％(15／26例)，大肠癌组的阳性率为53．8％(14／26例)，消化道恶性肿瘤患者手术中新鲜组织标本的阳性率为100％(12／12例)；而健康成人、妊娠期妇女、消化道炎症疾病患者外周血中无1例出现阳性。将肿瘤患者hSTC-1 mRNA检测结果与临床病理结合分析发现：外周血中的hSTC-1m RNA的表达与肿瘤的浸润深度、临床病理分期、淋巴结转移有显著相关性。结论：应用RT—PCR方法检测消化道恶性肿瘤患者外周血中的hSTC—1m RNA具有较高的敏感性和特异性，可成为检测肿瘤外周血微转移的一个新指标。     

肾结核40例临床分析

目的 分析6年来肾结核的临床表现和诊断方法。方法回顾性分析近6年收治的40例肾结核患者的临床资料。结果表现为膀胱刺激征的典型肾结核占65％，不典型肾结核占35％，其临床症状以腰痛、血尿为主。所有患者尿常规均异常。B超、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、逆行肾盂造影（RP）、磁共振尿路水成像（MRU）确诊率分别为20％、55％、66．7％和77．8％。结论膀胱刺激征仍是肾结核的主要临床表现，不典型肾结核有所增加。IVU是首选诊断方法，MRU对晚期肾结核诊断具有重要价值。     

颅脑损伤患者上消化道出血的预防和治疗(附625例报告)

目的探讨颅脑损伤后上消化道出血的预防措施及其治疗方法。方法回顾性分析625例颅脑损伤后上消化道出血的病例,在治疗原发伤病基础上,采用止血、制酸、保护胃黏膜等对症处理,同时应用阿托品治疗22例;胃镜下治疗8例;胃次全切除术5例。结果本组病例中,治愈572例,缓解36例,无效5例,死亡12例,其中阿托品治愈20例;胃镜下治愈6例;胃次全切除术治愈4例。结论预防和治疗的重点是消除颅脑损伤病灶和保护胃黏膜,常规处理方案效果满意,简单、经济且安全有效,但必要时应及时使用特殊治疗手段,以迅速控制出血病情。     

Voiding patterns in men and women with lower urinary tract symptoms combined with nocturia

AIM: We evaluated differences between men and women with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) combined with nocturia. METHODS: A total of 71 age-matched female-male pairs (median 58, range 20-81 years) who had moderate to severe LUTS and nocturia of more than once per night were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: In the younger group (<50 years), the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) results of the sexes were not significantly different. However, although total I-PSS results in the elderly group (> or =50 years) were not significantly different, quality of life index scores for women were higher (P = 0.002). On frequency-volume (FV) charts, mean total daytime voided volume (DVV) was significantly higher in younger men than in younger women (P = 0.017), but the mean nocturnal polyuria index (NPi) for women was higher than that for men (P = 0.047). However, maximum DVV (P = 0.009), mean DVV (P < 0.0001), total DVV (P < 0.0001), and mean nocturnal urine volume (P = 0.009) were significantly higher in elderly men than in elderly women. However, numbers of daytime voids were not different. CONCLUSION: Elderly women with LUTS have lower functional bladder capacities than elderly men, as suggested by their smaller mean voided volumes. However, no significant differences were observed between numbers of daytime voids, which was probably due to the smaller total daytime voided volumes of elderly women. In addition, although NPi for younger women and nocturnal urine volume for elderly men was higher, no other differences were observed in terms of other night-time parameters.     

Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

PROBLEM: To compare depressive symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to those in healthy children, and to explore the influence of individual and family factors on level of depression. METHODS: Individual interviews with 68 children, ages 7 to 12 years, in order to complete the Children's Depression Inventory. FINDINGS: Children with ADHD reported significantly more depressive symptoms than did children without ADHD; 14.7% of children with ADHD reached the threshold of a 19 point score, which suggests clinical depression. No significant effects of individual and family factors on level of depression were found. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD are more inclined to experience depressive symptoms than are healthy children. To plan appropriate interventions, nurses evaluating and working with children with ADHD should always consider a possible coexistence of depressive symptoms.