2018年深圳和香港地区两起公共场所登革热暴发疫情对比

目的 对比分析深圳和香港地区两起公共场所登革热疫情流行特征和处置措施,融合优势以更好应对登革热暴发。 方法 收集两地登革热病例信息和蚊媒监测数据进行描述性流行病学分析,并对防蚊灭蚊措施进行对比。 结果 香港地区报告病例19例,疫情持续13 d,分布6个区,男女性别比为1：0.9。深圳20例,持续33 d,分布3个街道,男女性别比为1：0.82。两地年龄差别有统计学意义（Z=-2.855,P=0.004）。香港地区病例从出现症状到实验室确认时间间隔5.5~8.5 d,中位数7 d;深圳为1.5~5.4 d,中位数为2 d,差异有统计学意义（Z=-3.818,P < 0.001）。香港地区疫情第4 d宣布封闭感染场所30 d,灭蚊范围500 m,采用诱蚊诱卵器指数评价灭蚊效果。深圳第2 d宣布"封闭",灭蚊范围400 m,每3 d用布雷图指数、双层叠帐法监测。 结论 两地登革热疫情性质、规模、时间、场所相似,深圳处理措施更灵敏、快速,传染源早发现能力强,蚊媒监测方法更全面、频率更高。香港地区疫情信息公布、媒体风险沟通更主动,灭蚊措施更严格、专业。     

传染病流行中存在\

  目的  利用猩红热流行存在的季节性规律,探索一种简单可靠的流行趋势和发病率预测模型。  方法  使用2010 — 2017年全国猩红热月发病率资料论证“W-S现象”并根据该理论建立预测模型。  结果  各省级行政区“W-S现象”的春季高峰预测结果符合率为97.53 %（158/162）,春季高峰差值（Y）与冬季高峰差值（X）呈100 %正相关。相关系数r = 0.21～0.98。85.19 %（23/27）省份呈中等程度以上相关（r > 0.5）,59.26 %（16/27）省份呈高度相关（r > 0.8）;66.67 %（18/27）的回归模型有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,r = 0.81～0.98;预测省级行政区的发病率公式为：Y = 0.045 + 1.014X。  结论  猩红热的流行中存在非常典型的“W-S现象”。     

蒙成药苦参七味胶囊解热作用的实验研究

目的：观察苦参七味胶囊由致热剂所致动物发热的解热作用。方法：运用动物模型观察苦参七味胶囊的解热作用。结果：苦参七味胶囊对大鼠的体温上升有明显抑制作用。结论：苦参七味胶囊具有确切的解热作用。     

《6种输入性传染病预防控制指南和临床诊疗方案》解读(一)埃博拉出血热

本文就埃博拉出血热的病原学,流行病学,临床表现,诊断,治疗及预防作扼要阐述。     

北京市西城区1993～2007年猩红热流行特征分析

目的通过分析北京市西城区1993～2007年猩红热发病趋势和流行特征,为今后进一步的防治措施提供科学依据。方法根据西城区猩红热年度分析,对病例从不同年份、不同街道、不同人群等进行统计学分析。结果1993～2007年西城区猩红热发病1077例,发病人群年龄1～15岁为主,他们的职业主要为学生;病例集中在新街口街道;1993年、1994年为西城区猩红热高发时期,1993年发病率高达40.74/10万。结论学生、托幼儿童是防治的重点人群。通过有效的综合防控措施,使西城区猩红热发病处于较低水平。但近三年发病率有所上升。     

Susceptibility of CTLA-4 −1661A/G polymorphism towards severity of rheumatic heart disease

AimGenetic contribution in acute rheumatic fever (ARF)/rheumatic heart disease (RHD) has been suggested but not according to severity of the valve involvement. This study attempts to identify the relevance of CTLA-4 polymorphism with severity of the disease.MethodsIn a case-control design, 291 healthy controls and 83 patients were genotyped for association between RHD and single-nucleotide polymorphisms −1661A/G of CTLA-4.ResultsSegregation of patients on the basis of severity i.e., MVL (Mitral Valve Lesion) and CVL (Combined Valve Lesion) revealed that the frequency of CTLA-4 −1661G allele depleted as the disease progressed to CVL (p < 0.05). Patients in the age group of 31–45 years were significantly more susceptible (p < 0.046). Whereas, female patients were more susceptible than the male patients.ConclusionOur study suggests the risk associated with decreased frequency of CTLA-4 −1661G allele in the CVL group and in females.     

Intranasal Exposure to Rift Valley Fever Virus Live-Attenuated Strains Leads to High Mortality Rate in Immunocompetent Mice

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogenic arthropod-borne virus that can cause serious illness in both ruminants and humans. The virus can be transmitted by an arthropod bite or contact with contaminated fluids or tissues. Two live-attenuated veterinary vaccines—the Smithburn (SB) and Clone 13 (Cl.13)—are currently used during epizootic events in Africa. However, their residual pathogenicity (i.e., SB) or potential of reversion (i.e., Cl.13) causes important adverse effects, strongly limiting their use in the field. In this study, we infected immunocompetent mice with SB or Cl.13 by a subcutaneous or an intranasal inoculation. Interestingly, we found that, unlike the subcutaneous infection, the intranasal inoculation led to a high mortality rate. In addition, we detected high titers and viral N antigen levels in the brain of both the SB- and Cl.13-infected mice. Overall, we unveil a clear correlation between the pathogenicity and the route of administration of both SB and Cl.13, with the intranasal inoculation leading to a stronger neurovirulence and higher mortality rate than the subcutaneous infection.     

Two Cases of Lassa Fever Successfully Treated with Ribavirin and Adjunct Dexamethasone for Concomitant Infections

Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever treated with supportive care and the broad-spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin. The pathophysiology, especially the role of hyperinflammation, of this disease is unknown. We report successful remission of complicated Lassa fever in 2 patients in Nigeria who received the antiinflammatory agent dexamethasone and standard ribavirin.     

Hedgehogs as Amplifying Hosts of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus,China

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tickborne bandavirus mainly transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in East Asia, mostly in rural areas. As of April 2022, the amplifying host involved in the natural transmission of SFTSV remained unidentified. Our epidemiologic field survey conducted in endemic areas in China showed that hedgehogs were widely distributed, had heavy tick infestations, and had high SFTSV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence. After experimental infection of Erinaceus amurensis and Atelerix albiventris hedgehogs with SFTSV, we detected robust but transitory viremias that lasted for 9–11 days. We completed the SFTSV transmission cycle between hedgehogs and nymph and adult H. longicornis ticks under laboratory conditions with 100% efficiency. Furthermore, naive H. longicornis ticks could be infected by SFTSV-positive ticks co-feeding on naive hedgehogs; we confirmed transstadial transmission of SFTSV. Our study suggests that the hedgehogs are a notable wildlife amplifying host of SFTSV in China.