克山病之我见以及白肌病与信州心肌病（之一）

目的 探讨膳食与克山病发病的关系。方法 回顾并分析了克山病有关文献,调查了克山病居民的膳食变化情况。结果 １９５８年后,克山病病区人群出现了偏食,导致必需氨基酸摄入不足,引起了克山病发病;１９８０年后,病区居民生活水平提高,纠正了偏食,克山病发病基本被控制。结论 必需氨基酸缺乏在克山病发病中起重要作用。     

Large differences in serum leptin levels between nonwesternized and westernized populations: the Kitava study

OBJECTIVES: To compare serum leptin between nonwesternized and westernized populations. SETTING: (i) The tropical island of Kitava, Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea and (ii) the Northern Sweden MONICA study population. Design. Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: Fasting levels of serum leptin were analysed in 163 randomly selected Kitavans aged 20-86 years and in 224 Swedes aged 25-74. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mean and determinants of serum leptin. RESULTS: Geometric mean of serum leptin in Kitavan males and females were 1.5 and 4.0 vs. 4.9 and 13.8 ng mL-1 in Swedish male and females (P < 0.0001 for both sexes). In Kitavans, observed geometric mean were close to predicted levels (1.8 ng mL(-1) for males and 4.5 ng mL-1 for females) based on multiple linear regression equations including body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfolds (TSF) and age from the Swedish population-based sample. In Kitavans serum leptin was positively related to TSF amongst both sexes and, amongst females, to BMI. In Kitavans leptin was not related to fasting serum insulin. TSF explained 55% of the variation of leptin amongst females. There was a slight age-related increase of leptin amongst males. In Kitava leptin was not related to fasting serum insulin which was substantially lower than in Sweden. CONCLUSION: The low concentrations of serum leptin amongst Kitavans probably relates to the absence of overweight and hyperinsulinaemia. At a population level serum leptin can apparently be predicted from simple measures of adiposity.     

饮食方式调查表的编制及其信度与效度研究

目的编制饮食方式调查表,并对该表进行信度和效度检验。方法采用现场调查的方法在北京地区选取943份样本,3个月后随机抽取32人对饮食方式调查表重测。结果探索性因素分析和专家经验支持饮食方式调查表包含"膳食平衡"和"饮食有节"两个维度,Cronbach's α系数分别为0.82和0.67,3个月重测信度分别为0.73和0.55。亚健康组较多地采用不良的饮食方式。结论饮食方式调查表有较好的信度和效度指标,可用于成人饮食方式的评估。     

Repeated adverse fetal outcome in pregnancy complicated by uncontrolled maternal phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria in pregnancy carries with it an increased risk of spontaneous abortion and development of a fetus that is affected by the maternal phenylketonuria syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by low birthweight, congenital heart disease, microcephaly, childhood growth failure, and cognitive impairment. It is the result of the hyperphenylalaninemia that accompanies the phenylketonuric state, and may therefore be avoided by maintaining maternal serum phenylalanine levels within the normal range. Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and may be controlled by dietary manipulation. Presented here is a case history of a woman with phenylketonuria who was unable to satisfactorily control her serum phenylalanine levels in each of her three pregnancies. All three children were adversely affected by the fetopathy of the maternal phenylketonuria syndrome, each with evidence of growth failure and impaired neurodevelopment. This patient illustrates the difficulties that may be encountered when providing obstetric care to the woman with phenylketonuria who is not able or not willing to restrict her dietary intake of phenylalanine. The discussion includes consideration of management strategies, including dietary therapy and legal intervention.     

食物不耐受血清特异性IgG抗体检测在临床中的应用

目的 探讨血清中14种食物不耐受特异性IgG抗体与临床疾病的关系,为临床提供诊治相关疾病的依据.方法 应用酶联免疫法检测110例临床常见慢性疾病患者及30例健康人血清中食物特异性IgG水平.结果 人群中食物不耐受特异性IgG升高均有1～8种不等,总阳性率为100%,顺序为:牛奶＞小麦＞螃蟹＞鸡蛋＞虾米＞鳕鱼＞大豆＞牛肉＞猪肉＞大米＞鸡肉＞玉米＞蘑菇＞番茄.根据试验结果调整所有患者的饮食,患者症状多可以明显改善.结论 测定食物不耐受特异性IgG抗体,并尽早将阳性食物从患者食谱中去除,在临床疾病诊治中有重要意义.     

Rodent models of diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus: A literature review and selection guide

Several research teams have focused on finding the “ideal” animal model that reflects the pathophysiological changes and closely simulates the metabolic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the multitude of studies on this topic has resulted in large variations, making the models difficult to compare, as the measured parameters vary significantly. Additionally, selecting the appropriate animal model for a new study has become more difficult due to the increasing number of background variables. This article gives a detailed overview of the literature, covering the entire range of animal models and model characteristics, and most importantly, provides guidance for selecting the most suitable model for specific research goals in the future.     

Sex and Diet-Related Disparities in Low Handgrip Strength among Young and Middle-Aged Koreans: Findings Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2014 to 2017

“Possible sarcopenia” may be defined as a low muscle strength assessed by handgrip strength (HGS) by sex. We examined the sex-specific association between low handgrip strength (LGS) and dietary factors for the prevention of sarcopenia in young and middle-aged Koreans. We used data from the 2014–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 11,635 Korean adults with LGS and normal handgrip strength (NGS). The relationship between dietary factors, e.g., nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns, and HGS was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. In men, the LGS group had a higher proportion of energy from carbohydrates and a lower proportion of energy from proteins than the NGS group. The LGS group had lower protein, niacin, phosphorus, and iron densities in their diet than the NGS group. The odds of having LGS increased as intake of vitamin B1 (odds ratio (OR) 2.916, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.265–6.719), niacin (OR 2.286, 95% CI 1.095–4.774), phosphorus (OR 2.731, 95% CI 1.036–7.199), and iron (OR 2.591, 95% CI 1.102–6.088) decreased. In women with LGS, the odds of insufficient protein intake (OR 1.976, 95% CI 1.248–3.127) was significantly higher. This study suggests that adequate intake of protein, vitamin B1, niacin, phosphorus, and iron is beneficial for maintaining HGS.     

High body mass index and dietary pattern are associated with childhood asthma

The increasing prevalence of asthma has coincided with an increase of body mass index (BMI) in both children and adults. We investigated the relationship between BMI and the symptom prevalence of asthma and the possible influences of dietary pattern. This was a community-based, cross-sectional study of 24,260 school children aged 6-12 years. Prevalences of asthma and potential confounding factors were assessed using a Korean version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire which was completed by parents. We analyzed the relationship between BMI and symptoms of asthma and the possible influences of dietary pattern. A significant positive association between high BMI and previous 12-month prevalence of wheeze remained in boys (adjusted odds ratio, 1.610; 95% confidence interval, 1.274-2.033) but not in girls. In addition, there were significant associations between high BMI and lifetime prevalence of wheeze, previous 12-month wheeze, exercise-induced wheeze, diagnosis, and treatment of asthma. There were significant associations between high BMI and previous 12-month wheeze regardless of breast-milk feeding or whole-milk feeding. Frequent intake of fresh seafood, fresh fruits, and vegetables was associated with reduced prevalence of current asthma symptoms and was also associated with decreased BMI. These results indicate that BMI may be an independent risk factor for the development of asthma symptoms in boys. Intake of fresh seafood, fresh fruit, and vegetables, which may be associated with decreased BMI, may contribute to protect against the development of asthma symptoms in Korean elementary schoolchildren.