Age dependency and mutual relations in T and B lymphocyte abnormalities in common variable immunodeficiency patients

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is primary hypogammaglobulinaemia with an unknown aetiopathogenesis. Although various abnormalities of T and B cells have been described, their pathogenetic roles are unclear. We determined T and B lymphocyte subsets known to be abnormal in CVID in order to disclose possible relations between numerical abnormalities in those cells. Markers associated with B cell development (CD21, CD27, IgM, IgD) were determined on B lymphocytes (CD19+); T lymphocyte development (CD45RA, CD45RO, CD62L) and activation markers (CD25, CD27, CD28, CD29, CD38, CD57, HLA-DR) were determined on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in 42 CVID patients and in 33 healthy controls. Abnormalities in CD4+ T lymphocyte activation markers (increase in CD29, HLA-DR, CD45RO, decrease in CD27, CD62L, CD45RA) were observed particularly in patients with a decreased number of memory (CD27+) and mature (CD21+) B cells (group Ia according to the Freiburg group's classification), while abnormalities observed in CD8+ cells (increase in CD27 and CD28 and decrease in HLA-DR, CD57 and CD38) did not depend upon grouping patients together according to B lymphocyte developmental subpopulations. We observed correlations between immature B cells (IgM+ CD21-) and expression of CD27, CD62L, CD45RA, CD45RO and HLA-DR on CD4+ T cells in CVID patients but not in the control group. The expression of CD27 and CD45RA on CD4+ T lymphocytes, such as the percentage of IgD+ CD27- and IgD+ CD27+ cells in B lymphocytes, showed age dependency to be more significant than in the control group. Our study demonstrates that T and B lymphocyte abnormalities in CVID are partially related to each other. Some of those abnormalities are not definite, but may evolve with age of the patient.     

一种植物由来的糖蛋白(郑氏植物蛋白)--肿瘤相同性抗原的研究

目的：研究一种植物提取物的肿瘤相同抗原性及其在肿瘤早期诊断上的应用。方法：采用^3H掺入法测定了淋巴细胞和肿瘤细胞增殖反应；将人新鲜肿瘤组织块移植于小鼠，观察肿瘤在异种动物体内成活情况。瘤细胞DNA含量用流式细胞仪测定。通过凝胶层析及SDS-PAGE等方法对该提取液进行了化学成分鉴定。结果：该植物提取物对恶性肿瘤和癌前病变患者的淋巴细胞增殖有很强的刺激作用(P＜0．01)，但对正常人淋巴细胞无刺激作用。提取物对70％以上肿瘤患者的肿瘤细胞增殖有刺激作用。将人新鲜肿瘤组织块移植到经该提取物预处理的幼鼠后，成活率达90％以上，而且可以成功传代；未经提取物预处理的小鼠，30天后肿瘤组织死亡而被吸收。经初步鉴定，该提取物的化学成分为50kD的糖蛋白。结论：该植物糖蛋白具有肿瘤抗原活性或肿瘤相同抗原性，这种特性可应用于肿瘤诊断、治疗和肿瘤疫苗制备等。     

Relationship of the common peroneal nerve and its branches to the head and neck of the fibula

The common peroneal nerve (CPN) lies on the neck of the fibula, which forms the floor of the so-called 'fibular tunnel.' The tunnel entrance is a musculo-aponeurotic arch derived from the soleus and peroneus longus muscles and it is here that the CPN is commonly compressed in cases of peroneal nerve palsy. This study aims to define the relationship of the CPN and its branches to the apex of the head of the fibula and to the tunnel, with special regard to possible sites of entrapment. The distances from the apex of the fibula to the opening of the fibular tunnel, the CPN bifurcation, and the exit point of the deep peroneal nerve (DPN) from the tunnel, were measured in 30 legs to ascertain possible sites of entrapment. The angle that the CPN subtended with the long axis of the fibula was measured to gauge the range of positions of the CPN at the neck of the fibula. An unyielding musculo-aponeurotic fibular arch at the entrance to the fibular tunnel was confirmed in all specimens. The DPN exited through a crescentic opening in the anterior intermuscular septum in all cases and no DPN branches were found in the lateral compartment in any specimen. The mean (+/-SD) distance from the apex of the head of the fibula to the opening of the fibular tunnel was 3.2 +/- 1.0 cm, to the CPN bifurcation was 3.8 +/- 0.9 cm, and to the DPN exit point was 7.0 +/- 1.5 cm. The mean angle subtended anteriorly from the long axis of the fibula by the CPN was 18.9 +/- 9.0 degrees. We recommend further study of the mean distances and reference angle in relation to fibular landmarks, for use in possible minimally invasive surgical procedures to decompress the fibular tunnel.     

Studies of the Rf = 0.58 protein in common snail command neurons during learning

Levels of the acidic brain-specific Rf = 0.58 protein in neurons of the subglottal complex of ganglia were studied in the common snail during the process of acquisition of defensive food aversion. Levels were significantly increased in neurons LPa3 and RPa3 at both the early and late stages of learning. There was a tendency to increased protein levels in neurons LPl1 and RPl2, while there were no changes in levels in neuron RPa5 and pool D. The level of involvement of defensive behavior command neurons appears to be determined by the specific involvement of their receptor and effector fields.     

常见伤口感染细菌高场不对称波形离子迁移谱识别算法

目的:使用模式识别算法对常见伤口感染细菌（大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌）TH肉汤培养液及纯TH培养液的高场不对称波形离子迁移谱（FAIMS图谱）进行分类识别。 方法:使用FAIMS分析仪收集了4种样品的训练及测试样本。预处理后,用主成分分析和线性判别分析对样本进行降维和特征提取,得到了训练集和测试集的空间三维分布模型,再用最近邻规则算法进行样本识别。 结果:特征提取后,正负模式样本均具有良好的分离效果,并且正模式可分性明显优于负模式。当K取合适的值时,正负模式识别率分别可达90%和70%以上。对于本文的数据模型,K取值等于或最接近每类样本数的奇数为最佳。 结论:该种算法可用于常见伤口感染细菌肉汤培养液FAIMS图谱的分类及识别。     

腹腔镜联合内镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石652例

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析LC联合EST治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石652例病例情况。结果 652例中EST成功634例(97.2%),再行LC成功621例(97.9%)。LC后平均住院4 d(2~15 d)。652例中有EST前伴有急性胰腺炎171例;不伴有急性胰腺炎481例,但EST后并发胰腺炎62例(13.1%)。621例LC后,合并胆汁漏8例(1.2%),经术中引流而愈;合并胆囊区积液120例(19.0%),其中118例自愈,另外2例脓肿形成在超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流而愈。结论 LC联合EST治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石有治愈率高、住院时间短、并发症轻等优点,安全有效。     

Quantitative MRI-pathology correlations of brain white matter lesions developing in a non-human primate model of multiple sclerosis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with recombinant human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in the common marmoset is a useful preclinical model of multiple sclerosis in which white matter lesions can be well visualized with MRI. In this study we characterized lesion progression with quantitative in vivo MRI (4.7 T; T(1) relaxation time +/- Gd-DTPA; T(2) relaxation time; magnetization transfer ratio, MTR, imaging) and correlated end stage MRI presentation with quantitative ex vivo MRI (formaldehyde fixed brains; T(1) and T(2) relaxation times; MTR) and histology. The histopathological characterization included axonal density measurements and the numeric quantification of infiltrated macrophages expressing markers for early active [luxol fast blue (LFB) or migration inhibition factor-related protein-14 positive] or late active/inactive [periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive] demyelinating lesion. MRI experiments were done every two weeks until the monkeys were sacrificed with severe EAE-related motor deficits. Compared with the normal appearing white matter, lesions showed an initial increase in T(1) relaxation times, leakage of Gd-DTPA and decrease in MTR values. The progressive enlargement of lesions was associated with stabilized T(1) values, while T(2) initially increased and stabilized thereafter and MTR remained decreased. Gd-DTPA leakage was highly variable throughout the experiment. MRI characteristics of the cortex and (normal appearing) white matter did not change during the experiment. We observed that in vivo MTR values correlated positively with the number of early active (LFB+) and negatively with late active (PAS+) macrophages. Ex vivo MTR and relaxation times correlated positively with the number of PAS-positive macrophages. None of the investigated MRI parameters correlated with axonal density.     

Liver transplantation for severe hepatitis in patients with common variable immunodeficiency

CVID is a heterogeneous group of primary immunodeficiency diseases characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent bacterial infections, and frequent autoimmune manifestations. The post-transplant course of liver transplant recipients with CVID is rarely described. We report two patients with CVID complicated by severe enteropathy who underwent living donor liver transplantation for liver failure because of severe hepatitis. The post-transplant course was complicated by recurrent acute rejection, leading to ductopenic rejection in one and recurrent hepatitis in the other. We reviewed the tissue samples histologically and immunohistochemically. Native livers showed submassive hepatocyte necrosis in one and cirrhotic liver with active hepatitis in the other, both with infiltration of CD8+ T cells accompanied by endothelialitis and bile duct damage; the intestine contained increased numbers of intraepithelial CD8+ T cells with apoptosis of epithelial cells. The liver allograft exhibited acute rejection, with prominent CD8+ T cells infiltrating the bile duct or endothelium. In the allograft following the diagnosis of post-transplant recurrent hepatitis, CD8+ T cells comprised the majority of infiltrating cells in portal areas spilling over into hepatic parenchyma. Our cases suggest that T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of CVID in native organs as well as allografts and may constitute evidence of T-cell deregulation in the pathogenesis of CVID.