肿瘤患者合并肺部念珠菌感染药敏测定研究

采用ＲＰＭＩ１６４０及ＦＤＡ抗生素３号两种培养基的微量稀释法对肿瘤患者合并肺感染分离出５１株念珠菌进行药敏对比测定。结果显示二性霉素Ｂ在两种培养基中均具有非常好的抗菌活性，敏感率均为９８．０％，其次酮康唑也显示出良好的抗菌活性，敏感率均为９４．１％。相比之下，在ＲＰＭＩ培养基中伊曲康唑和氟康唑的敏感性稍差，敏感率分别为９２．２％和９０．２％，但在ＦＤＡ抗生素３号培养基中，伊曲康唑和氟康唑敏感性明显下降，敏感率分别为７０．６％和６６．７％。为此我们建议抗真菌药敏试验，尤其是咪唑类药物应该选用ＮＣＣＬＳ推荐的ＲＰＭＩ１６４０培养基做药敏试验     

应用DHPLC技术分析错配修复基因(hMLH1)T1151A多态与胃肠道肿瘤的遗传易感性

目的了解中国人hMLH1基因T1151A多态与胃肠道肿瘤的遗传易感性.方法采用病例对照研究设计,提取233例大肠癌(结,直肠癌)患者,273例胃癌患者和268例健康人外周血细胞的基因组DNA.PCR扩增hMLH1基因T1151A多态所在第12外显子的部分DNA片段(217 bp),变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)检测,DNA测序验证,比较分析T1151A基因型在胃肠道肿瘤的分布.结果正常人群中T1151A多态T/A基因型频率为6.34%,其等位基因A频率为3.28%,在大肠癌患者和胃癌患者中T/A基因型频率与正常人群相比存在显著性差异,分别为11.6%(P=0.039)和12.1%(P=0.021),尤其在＜45岁的大肠癌患者和＜50岁的胃癌患者中,等位基因A频率与正常人群相比差异更为显著,分别为10.66%(P=0.002)和11.27%(P=0.001).结论T1151A作为中国人hMLH1基因上的一个多态位点,可能是中国人大肠癌和胃癌遗传易感因素,可作为中国人胃及大肠肿瘤、尤其是低龄胃及大肠肿瘤高危人群筛选的侯选指标.     

支原体耐药性与抗菌药消耗量相关性研究

目的：了解支原体耐药性与抗生素消耗量之间的相关性。方法：对112份解脲支原体阳性标本进行9种抗菌药敏感性试验，统计2002～2003年有关药物的消耗量，分析解脲支原体耐药率与相应药品消耗量之间的关系。结果：多因素逐步回归分析表明上年度相关药物成人剂型的消耗量是有显著性意义的相关因素（r=0．858，F=16.778，P〈0．01）。结论：支原体的耐药率主要与上一年度的相关药物消耗量相关。     

海洋岩虫抗菌肽筛选及抗癌活性的初步研究

将岩虫匀浆液经反相浓缩、凝胶过滤和亲和柱层析获得活性组分，在体外用MTS／PMS(氮兰四唑盐／吩嗪硫酸甲酯)方法筛选抗菌肽，再分别用MTS／PMS方法和ELISA—AFP(甲胎蛋白)方法检测其对人肝癌细胞株HepG2增殖、AFP分泌及对正常大鼠成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1增殖的影响。结果表明，纯化的岩虫抗菌肽为组成型碱性蛋白(MW8．1kDa，pI8．6)，不同浓度抗菌肽对肝癌细胞增殖和AFP的分泌均有抑制作用，抑制作用大小与抗菌肽浓度呈正相关性；对正常成骨细胞未见明显的抑制和杀伤作用。     

1990-2004年上海地区临床分离大肠埃希菌耐药性变迁

目的 了解临床分离大肠埃希菌对抗菌药耐药性变迁情况。方法 对1990至2004年上海地区11所医院的细菌耐药监测资料中大肠埃希菌临床分离株的耐药性变迁情况进行分析，细菌药敏采用Kirby-Bauer法。结果 临床分离大肠埃希菌33495株对21种抗菌药药敏试验结果显示，该菌对大多常用抗菌药的耐药性在15年间呈上升趋势。对氨苄西林、哌拉西林的耐药率自69．0％和30．0％分别增至85．0％和71．4％。对头孢菌素类中的头孢唑啉（24．0％-48．3％）、头孢呋辛（18．0％-45．7％）、头孢克洛（33．3％-46．8％）的耐药率均增长，尤其是头孢噻肟的耐药率自1990年的6.0％增至2004年的35．2％。对氟喹诺酮类的耐药性15年间明显增高，且各品种间呈交叉耐药，自1990年的11．0％增至2004年的55．4％。对庆大霉素的耐药率缓慢上升（44．0％-54．0％）。大肠埃希菌对四环素、氯霉素、磺胺甲晤唑／甲氧苄啶（SMZ／TMP）耐药率始终较高。头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、β内酰胺类／β内酰胺酶抑制剂复方、呋喃妥因则保持了对大肠埃希菌的良好抗菌活性。产超广谱B内酰胺酶（ESBL）大肠埃希菌所占比例在2000-2004年间逐渐上升，自14．7％增至36．5％，产ESBL菌株耐药性均明显高于非产ESBL者。结论 临床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药的耐药性在1990-2004年的15年间普遍呈明显增高趋势。 床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药的耐药性在1990--2004年的15年间普遍呈明显增高趋势。     

Natural Rubber (NR) Latex Films with Antimicrobial Properties for Stethoscope Diaphragm Covers

Systematic disinfection of the stethoscope diaphragm is required to ensure that it does not act as a vector for cross-transmission of health-related diseases. Thus, an antimicrobial latex film could be used as a cover to inhibit pathogenic bacteria from growing on its surface. The aim of this work is to determine the antimicrobial activity and mechanical properties of antimicrobial natural rubber (NR) latex films with different types of antimicrobial agents (mangosteen peel powder (MPP), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP), and povidone-iodine (PVP-I)). The antimicrobial loading was varied from 0.5, to 1.0, and 2.0 phr to monitor the effective inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi growth. For MPP and PVP-I antimicrobial agents, a loading of 2.0 phr showed good antimicrobial efficacy with the largest zone of inhibition. Simultaneously, ZnO NP demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity at low concentrations. The addition of antimicrobial agents shows a comparable effect on the mechanical properties of NR latex films. In comparison to control NR latex film (29.41 MPa, 48.49 N/mm), antimicrobial-filled films have significantly greater tensile and tear strengths (MPP (33.84 MPa, 65.21 N/mm), ZnO NP (31.79 MPa, 52.77 N/mm), and PVP-I (33.25 MPa, 50.75 N/mm). In conclusion, the addition of antimicrobial agents, particularly ZnO NP, can be a better choice for NR latex films because they will serve as both an activator and an antimicrobial. In a clinical context, with regard to frequently used medical equipment such as a stethoscope, such an approach offers significant promise to aid infection control.     

Characterization of Healthcare-Associated and Community-Associated Clostridioides difficile Infections among Adults,Canada, 2015–2019

We investigated epidemiologic and molecular characteristics of healthcare-associated (HA) and community-associated (CA) Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) among adult patients in Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program hospitals during 2015–2019. The study encompassed 18,455 CDI cases, 13,735 (74.4%) HA and 4,720 (25.6%) CA. During 2015–2019, HA CDI rates decreased by 23.8%, whereas CA decreased by 18.8%. HA CDI was significantly associated with increased 30-day all-cause mortality as compared with CA CDI (p<0.01). Of 2,506 isolates analyzed, the most common ribotypes (RTs) were RT027, RT106, RT014, and RT020. RT027 was more often associated with CDI-attributable death than was non-RT027, regardless of acquisition type. Overall resistance C. difficile rates were similar for all drugs tested except moxifloxacin. Adult HA and CA CDI rates have declined, coinciding with changes in prevalence of RT027 and RT106. Infection prevention and control and continued national surveillance are integral to clarifying CDI epidemiology, investigation, and control.     

海洋微生物抗菌活性的初步研究

从南海、东海、黄海等海域的海洋底质、生物样品中分离到1003个海洋微生物菌株．包括520株放线菌、111株真菌、222株常温细菌和150株耐热细菌。通过纸片法对其抗菌活性进行筛选．结果发现321株海洋微生物具有抑菌活性，占总分离菌株的32．0％。放线菌、真菌、常温细菌、耐热细菌的活性菌株比例分别为39．6％，32．4％。17．1％，27．3％。具有抑菌活性的菌株比例与样品来源密切相关。生物样品来源的细菌抑菌活性较高的菌株比例较底质样品来源的要高，而海洋放线菌与海洋真菌结果相反。各类海洋微生物菌株的抗菌谱有很大的不同。     

The length of menstrual bleeding and the risk of urogenital infections in the context of the activity of hemoglobin-derived microbicidal peptides

OBJECTIVE: Well-known natural unspecific antimicrobial factors acting in the vagina are additionally reinforced during menstrual bleeding by hemocidins--a recently discovered novel class of microbicidal peptides generated proteolytically from hemoglobin. The aim of the presented research was to investigate the relation between the average length of menstrual bleeding and the frequency of urogenital infections. We expected that the shorter menstrual bleeding might increase the risk of urogenital infections because is synonymous with the shorter period of exposition on bactericidal action of hemocidins. STUDY DESIGN: The study contains statistical analysis of an average declared length of menstrual bleeding in the group of 267 young, sexually active women with the symptoms of urogenital infections. The control group consisted of 300 young healthy women. RESULTS: The length of menstrual bleeding in the group of patients with urogenital infections (average 4.35 days) was statistically significantly shorter than in the control group (average 4.95 days). The average length of the menstrual cycle was equal and counted ca. 28 days in both groups. CONCLUSION: The length of menstrual bleeding seems to be a significant factor in the vaginal ecology maintenance.