Failures of Adenoidectomy for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children: For Whom and When Do They Fail?

OBJECTIVES: To determine which children who are treated with adenoidectomy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) will ultimately undergo endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and the length of time between adenoidectomy and ESS. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of prospectively collected data in a tertiary pediatric otolaryngology service. METHODS: One hundred forty-three children had adenoidectomy for CRS over a 10-year period. Follow-up was available on 121 children. Sixty-one children failed the procedure. Data were available on 55 children who underwent ESS after failing adenoidectomy for the treatment of CRS. Mean time from adenoidectomy to ESS was determined. Factors such as age, allergic rhinitis, asthma, computed tomography (CT) score, and sex were evaluated for effects on this time. RESULTS: With use of Cox regression analysis, the mean time from adenoidectomy to ESS was 24 months, ranging from 4 to 77 months. The presence of asthma (P < .04) and age less than 7 years (P < .01) were predictors of earlier failure. Allergic rhinitis (P < .3), CT score (P < .9), and sex (P < .3) showed no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Those who fail adenoidectomy for CRS who require ESS are mainly children who are younger than 7 years of age and have asthma. They appear to require a salvage ESS at a mean of 24 months after the adenoidectomy.     

Efficacy of powered intracapsular tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Objectives/Hypothesis: We sought to determine the effectiveness of powered intracapsular tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (PITA) in the treatment of children with moderately severe obstructive sleep apnea and to measure changes in quality of life that occur with such treatment. Study Design: Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial in an academic pediatric otolaryngology practice. Methods: Convenience sample of children ages 3 to 12 years diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea of moderate severity, defined as an apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) between 5 and 20 on polysomnography. Children with recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis, chromosomal abnormalities, craniofacial abnormalities, neuromotor disease, sickle cell disease, obesity, or coagulopathy were excluded. PITA was performed by using the microdebrider. Polysomnography was performed before surgery and repeated 4 to 8 weeks after surgery. The Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)‐18 questionnaire was completed at surgery and at the time of postoperative polysomnography to assess quality of life changes. The main outcome measure was cure of obstructive sleep apnea, as defined by a postoperative AHI of 1 or less for complete cure and less than 5 for partial cure. Improvements in quality of life were assessed by changes in the OSA‐18 questionnaire. Results: Nineteen children underwent PITA for moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and 14 completed postoperative polysomnography. All 14 subjects who completed the study achieved at least partial cure. Thirteen of 14 (93%) subjects had a complete cure of OSAS after PITA. The median preoperative AHI was 7.9, and the median AHI after surgery was 0.1. The mean number of arousals per hour before surgery was 9.5, and this was reduced to a mean of 5.6 after surgery. Quality of life measures on OSA‐18 also improved, with large improvements in total quality of life scores and in all five domains seen after surgery. Conclusions: PITA cures otherwise healthy children with obstructive sleep apnea of moderate severity, at least in the short‐term, as documented by postoperative polysomnography. Improvements in quality of life measures, as documented by changes in OSA‐18, were seen in all children as well.     

鼻内镜下儿童腺样体切除术的并发症及其预防

目的：探讨鼻内镜下儿童腺样体切除术出现的并发症及其预防方法。 方法：对215例腺样体肥大的患儿实行鼻内镜下腺样体切除术,术后随访1~6月。总结术中及术后出现的并发症及处理方法。结果：术后患儿临床症状消失或减轻,而并发症出现情况为：鼻出血10例,鼻腔粘连30例,腺样体术后增生1例。 结论：鼻内镜下腺样体切除术在直视下进行,视野清楚,操作方便,手术时间短。但术者仍需警惕可能出现的并发症,尽量加以避免。     

低温等离子腺样体切除联合双侧扁桃体方案治疗儿童鼾症的疗效及其影响因素研究

目的 探讨低温等离子腺样体切除联合双侧扁桃体方案治疗儿童鼾症的疗效及其影响因素研究。方法选取鼾症患儿110例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各55例。观察治愈率及总有效率,对比术前、术后1个月、6个月的免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)。评估术前、术后7d的呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)、夜间最低氧饱和度[minimum blood oxygen saturation,LSa(O₂)]及儿童睡眠问卷(pediatric sleep questionnaire,PSQ)评分。结果 观察组的总有效率高于对照组,且治愈率高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛时间及症状缓解时间均低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组IgA、IgG、IgM均随着时间增加,术后1个月、6个月,观察组的IgA、IgG、IgM高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组IgA、...     

小儿鼾症手术前后血浆生物标志物的变化及临床意义

探讨小儿鼾症患者行扁桃体和（或）腺样体手术对与心血管疾病密切相关的血浆生物标志物的影响。选取单纯非肥胖型小儿鼾症患者20例,进行术前和术后6个月血浆超敏 C 反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白介素6（IL-6）、脂联素和胎球蛋白 A 的水平的测定,结果显示术后6个月的血浆 hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、脂联素的水平均明显低于相应的术前水平（P <0.001）,胎球蛋白 A 的水平均明显高于相应的术前水平（P <0.001）。小儿鼾症患者进行扁桃体和（或）腺样体切除术有助于降低其并发心血管疾病的风险。     

经口在鼻内镜下切除265例腺样体的临床体会

目的 探讨鼻内镜下经口腺样体切除术的疗效和优缺点.方法 在鼻内镜下对儿童腺样体肥大265例,采用切削吸引进行治疗,并随访观察疗效.结果 腺样体切除彻底,术后无出血,无残体存留,鼻咽部结构良好,咽鼓管无损伤.随访6～12个月,患者睡眠障碍、鼻阻塞、流脓涕及耳闷塞等症状消失.结论 鼻内镜下腺样体肥大切除能在直视下操作,结合多种手术方法更能彻底切除腺样体,手术疗效显著,并发症少.     

Pain and activity disturbance after paediatric day case adenoidectomy

Over the past two decades outpatient surgery has become standard practice in paediatric surgery. Adenoidectomy is a common surgical procedure in children. In this prospective survey pain and pain-related outcomes such as sleep and activity disturbance were evaluated in 167 children aged 1–7 years who had undergone adenoidectomy as a day case in Kuopio University Hospital. The survey questionnaire consisted of 76 structured questions about pain, pain medication, adverse effects and daily activities during first week after the operation. Eighty-three per cent of children had pain at home and 17% of them had moderate or severe pain on a four point verbal rating scale. Eighty per cent of children used pain medication at home. Pain medication did not cause any major adverse effects. Over 90% of children were back to normal daily activities during the first three postoperative days and nearly all were able to drink during the whole postoperative period. We conclude that pain is a common problem after adenoidectomy in children but most of the children return to normal activities within three days.     

Predictive factors for the resolution of childhood otitis media with effusion following initial surgical treatment

A prospective study of outcome after treatment for glue ear was performed in a sample of 143 children aged between 1 and 11 years. The resolution or recurrence of effusion following initial surgery was analysed in relation to six potentially relevant factors. Multivariate analysis showed that resolution of effusion was statistically more frequent in ears found to have a dry tap at surgery, children with a history of atopy, those who underwent adenoidectomy and it was related to the age of the child at operation. Older children had a better prognosis. Univariate analysis suggested that girls have a significantly better outcome than boys, but this was not confirmed in multivariate analysis. The results suggest that there should be a longer period of observation in atopic individuals and older children. Furthermore, the study showed that ears with dry taps should not be treated with ventilation tubes.     

耳内镜下经口鼻低温等离子腺样体切割 消融术的临床研究

目的 探讨耳内镜下经口鼻联合径路低温等离子腺样体切割消融术的优点。 方法 将该科2010年6月～2012年10月72例腺样体肥大患者分为两组，耳内镜下经口鼻联合径路电动切割吸引器腺样体切除术35例，耳内镜下经口鼻联合径路低温等离子腺样体切割消融术37例，随访6个月并进行回顾性分析。 结果 耳内镜下经口鼻联合径路电动切割吸引器组，术中出血量多、手术耗时长且术后再出血2例，术后疼痛反应重且鼻咽顶后鼻孔区复发3例。耳内镜下经口鼻联合径路低温等离子腺样体切割消融术组，术中极微量出血2～5 mL，术后无1例出血，术后无需鼻腔填塞、疼痛反应轻微且无复发病例。 结论 耳内镜下经口鼻联合径路低温等离子腺样体切割消融术具有易暴露，手术时间短，术中不出血或极微量出血，疼痛反应轻微，无复发等优点，值得临床推广。     

不同麻醉方法用于小儿扁桃体、腺样体切除术中的比较

目的 不同的麻醉方法用于扁桃体、腺样体切除的患儿血流动力学、术后苏醒过程及并发症发生的情况,探讨适合于小儿较为安全、有效的麻醉与镇痛方法。方法选择ASAⅠ级择期行扁桃体及腺样体切除术的患儿90例,随机分为3组,Ⅰ组：芬太尼-异氟醚静吸复合全麻组;Ⅱ组：瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚全凭静脉麻组;Ⅲ组：瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚-曲马多全凭静脉麻组,每组30例。术中分别记录三组患儿诱导前（T1）、插管时（T2）、腺样体切除时（T3）、拔管后即刻（T4）、清醒时（T5）各时间点SBP、DBP、HR、SPO2;观察3组患儿停药至气管拔管,苏醒及清醒的时间,拔管后上呼吸道梗阻或屏气,躁动,恶性、呕吐发生的情况,以及在恢复室30min时疼痛的评分。结果3组患儿麻醉诱导前、插管时、腺样体切除时,血压、心率、氧饱和度的变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05k拔管后即刻,Ⅰ组血压、心率分别高于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）Ⅱ组血压、心率、氧饱和度与Ⅲ组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。停药至气管拔管时间,苏醒时间,清醒时间,Ⅰ组分别长于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。上呼吸道梗阻或屏气、恶心呕吐、躁动I组明显多于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后疼痛评分,Ⅱ组明显高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚维持术中的麻醉,手术结束停药即给予曲马多,可获得良好的麻醉效果,诱导平稳,苏醒快,质量高。