腺样体切除对儿童分泌性中耳炎的影响

目的 探讨腺样体切除对儿童分泌性中耳炎疗效的影响.方法 将伴有腺样体肥大的80例分泌性中耳炎儿童,随机分为两组.A组:手术切除腺样体,扁桃体肥大者同时切除扁桃体,同时全身应用抗生素治疗,并用局部类固醇激素鼻腔喷雾治疗.B组:除不手术切除腺样体、扁桃体外,其他治疗同A组.结果 A组:40例,治愈31例,显效6例,有效2例,无效1例,总有效率97.5%.B组:40例,治愈15例,显效16例,有效5例,无效4例,总有效率90.0%.两组比较P＜0.01,差异有显著性.结论 儿童分泌性中耳炎伴有腺样体肥大的惠儿,手术切除腺样体对分泌性中耳炎的治疗有明显的意义.     

羟考酮联合舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术的应用效果

目的:探讨羟考酮联合舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术的应用价值。 方法:选择全身麻醉下行择期扁桃体腺样体切除的患儿 80 例,按随机数表法分为舒芬太尼组(S 组)和羟考酮+舒芬太尼组(O+S 组)各 40 例。 监测麻醉诱导前(T0 )、气管插管时(T1 )、拔除气管导管时(T2 )、拔管后 5 min(T3 )、离开麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU)时(T4 )的心率和平均动脉压;记录 T3 及T4 患儿疼痛行为量表(FLACC)评分及儿童麻醉苏醒期躁动量表(PAED)评分。 记录患儿麻醉诱导时呛咳、在 PACU 躁动、恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率。 结果:S 组患儿 T1 、T2 时及 O+S 组患儿 T1 时的心率和平均动脉压较 T0 时升高(P<0. 05);O+S 组患儿 T2 时心率和平均动脉压低于 S 组(P<0. 05)。 O+S 组患儿 T3 、T4 时 FLACC 评分及 T3 时 PAED 评分低于 S 组,诱导时呛咳、术后躁动的发生率低于 S 组(P<0. 05)。 结论:与单用舒芬太尼相比,小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术中采用羟考酮 0. 2 mg / kg+舒芬太尼 0. 2 μg / kg 联合诱导麻醉,可提高术后镇痛满意度,减少呛咳及术后躁动等不良反应的发生。     

Surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of 27 children with cerebral palsy who underwent surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS: Charts were reviewed. Data gathered included primary complaint, coexisting illnesses, initial procedure performed, age at initial surgery, number of days the child was monitored postoperatively in the intensive care unit, notation of postoperative respiratory distress and management, and outcome. RESULTS: Nineteen children underwent adenotonsillectomy for initial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Three of these children also had a uvulectomy. Six children had an adenoidectomy alone as their initial procedure. Neither uvulopalatopharyngoplasty nor tracheostomy was performed as an initial procedure. Mean follow-up was 34 months. Seventy-six percent of these children have not required any further surgery. Of the six children who have undergone further surgery, one has required a revision adenoidectomy, and another underwent a tonsillectomy and uvulectomy 2 months after the initial adenoidectomy. Four children ultimately required a tracheotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Eighty-four percent of these children were successfully managed without a tracheotomy. We recommend tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy for initial surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy.     

Resolution of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome after adenoidectomy in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

We report on a 2 1/2-year-old boy who is currently ventilated at home by positive pressure ventilation through a nasal mask during the night because of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). Up to age 2 he had developed normally. A reevaluation was performed because of symptoms suggestive of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), including snoring, nocturnal sweating, frequent nighttime awakenings, speech impairment, daytime fatigue, and failure to thrive. A sleep study indicated obstructive apnea episodes lasting up to 40 s and arterial desaturations below 50% during spontaneous sleep. During mechanical ventilation snoring persisted, and capillary PCO2 rose to 60 mm Hg. Partial upper airway obstruction, leaking around the mask, and arousal movements developed on passive flexion of the neck to 20 degrees. After adenoidectomy, symptoms of OSAS resolved. There were no more obstructive apneas during spontaneous sleep, but obstructive apneas could be provoked by neck flexion to 20 degrees. During ventilation, neck flexion of 20 degrees was tolerated, but a 40 degrees flexion led to partial obstruction. In CCHS patients, the problem of upper airway obstruction is rarely noted because most patients are ventilated through a permanent tracheostomy. Today, noninvasive ventilation strategies are becoming more common. Reduced activity of upper airway muscles and impaired reflex mechanisms could lead to upper airway obstruction during face mask positive pressure ventilation in children with CCHS. Enlarged adenoids worsened this problem in our patient, leading to insufficient ventilation and OSAS. Adenoidectomy resolved symptoms of OSAS and enabled successful nasal mask ventilation. Close follow-up of the patient avoided hypoxia and sequelae from OSAS such as pulmonary hypertension.     

鼻内镜直视下腺样体切除术的临床研究

①目的探讨鼻内镜在腺样体切除术中的作用,并与传统的腺样体切除术相比较。②方法采用经鼻腔内镜下腺样体切除术、经口鼻内镜下腺样体切除术两种术式,共行腺样体切除术62例,治疗因腺样体肥大引起的睡眠打鼾、鼻塞、听力下降等症。③结果术中视野清晰,术后腺样体切除干净,无残体存留。鼻咽部及后鼻孔结构显示良好,无出血及咽鼓管损伤等并发症。全组病例均随访1～3年,临床症状均消失或明显缓解。④结论鼻内镜下腺样体切除术改变了传统腺样体切除术的手术模式,使手术更直观、清晰,增加了手术的安全性和准确性,使病变切除更彻底,提高了手术疗效,减少了并发症的发生。     

The clinical impact of aberrant internal carotid arteries in children

Objective

Variations in the course of the internal carotid artery are not rare and likely to be a congenital anomaly. The purpose of this study is to highlight the clinical impact of aberrant internal carotid arteries in children for surgical and interventional procedures in the head and neck.

Methods

Retrospective study of the vessel course in patients under the age of 18 years over a period of 4.5 years. Vessels were classified according to the anatomic classification by Weibel and Fields and related to a previously proposed clinicoradiological risk classification system. Clinical implications are pointed out.

Results

Nine patients with a total of 14 aberrations (4 tortuosities, 7 kinkings and 3 coilings) were included. All aberrations were incidental intraoperative or radiological findings; no patient suffered from distinct symptoms. The minimum distance to the pharyngeal wall ranged from 0.8 to 9.0 mm with a mean of 3.8 mm. Anatomic classification and clinical risk of injury did not correlate.

Conclusions

Routine pharyngeal surgery and interventional procedures are usually performed without any preoperative imaging. However, variations in the course of the internal carotid artery may considerably increase the risk of vessel injury and should always be anticipated.     

手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征31例

目的:探讨手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的疗效。方法:对31例OSAHS儿童行腺样体摘除和扁桃体摘除,治疗后随访。结果:31例经手术治疗,术后随访6个月,28例疗效明显。结论:手术切除扁桃体和腺样体是治疗儿童OSAHS的首选方法。