儿童饮食行为干预工具在上海市浦东新区1～4岁饮食行为问题儿童中的应用

目的评估儿童饮食行为干预工具对儿童饮食行为问题的干预效果。方法收集1~4岁不良饮食行为儿童205名,随机分为干预组和对照组,分别使用儿童饮食行为干预工具和临床常规处理方法干预12个月。干预过程中共进行6次随访,每次均记录饮食行为评分,进行前后比较和组间比较。结果干预后两组儿童饮食行为评分均显著下降,干预组下降更明显。1岁~组和2岁~组干预效果优于3岁~组和4岁~组。干预组"对某种食物特别偏好"、"不良进食习惯"和"害怕进食"症状改善更明显,"精力充沛胃口差"、"对某种食物特别偏好"和"不良进食习惯"症状改善最快。结论与目前常规处理方法相比,儿童饮食行为干预工具能更有效改善儿童不良饮食行为,具有推广价值。     

北京市通州区2010-2013年0～6岁儿童贫血状况分析

目的了解北京市通州区0~6岁儿童贫血状况及其变化趋势,探讨儿童贫血的防治办法。方法收集北京市通州区2010-2013年儿童保健年报表,对报表中贫血相关数据进行统计分析。结果通州区0~6岁儿童贫血患病率自2010年3.87%下降至2013年2.81%,呈逐年下降趋势。儿童贫血患病均以轻度为主(90%以上),0~2岁儿童患病率四年来均高于3~6岁儿童。结论 0~2岁儿童是通州区防治儿童贫血的重点人群,应采取综合措施预防儿童贫血的发生。     

122例脑瘫患儿屈光状态和斜弱视临床分析

目的了解脑瘫患儿屈光状态和斜弱视情况及特点,制定多学科的综合康复计划,促进患儿的视力能康复。方法对4~14岁的122例(244眼)脑瘫患儿进行眼部常规检查,眼位检查,散瞳验光等检查,并记录详细的既往病史。结果本组脑瘫患儿中屈光不正220眼,发生率90.2%,其中80%经屈光矫正视力提高2行及以上,并以复性远视散光、远视和混合散光为主。屈光不正状态在痉挛型和其他类型脑瘫患儿间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。脑瘫患儿中斜弱视发生率13.1%,其中痉挛型脑瘫占50%,主要病因是早产及低出生体重。结论重视脑瘫患儿的屈光矫正,特别是复性远视散光和混合散光。痉挛型是斜弱视脑瘫患儿最主要的脑瘫类型。     

Motor performance and disability in Dutch children with haemophilia: a comparison with their healthy peers

We investigated whether haemophilic children who are on prophylactic therapy differ from their healthy peers in terms of motor performance and disability. Thirty-nine children, aged 4-12 years, with moderate (eight) and severe (31) haemophilia were included. Patients with severe haemophilia received primary prophylactic therapy that was individually tailored. The number of target joints, amount of swelling, range of motion, muscular strength and pain were measured, as well as motor skills and disability. The scores were compared to the normal population. No patients had target joints. Normal range of motion in all joints was seen in 97% (38/39) of the patients. Strength of elbow, knee, and ankle muscles were within the normal ranges. Ninety-five percent (37/39) of the patients had normal motor performance. Although 90% of our patients (35/39) had no disabilities in activities of daily living (ADL), 79% (31/39) of them reported that the disease impacted on their lives. Seventy-two percent (28/39) of the patients had pain, and in 21% (6/28) of them this was mainly caused by injections. Restrictions in sports or gymnastics were seen in 56% (22/39) of the patients. Those who indicated that they experienced pain and those who indicated restrictions in sports had a higher chance of experiencing disease impact compared to those who did not have these limitations. There were no significant differences between patients with moderate and severe haemophilia. In general, Dutch children with moderate or severe haemophilia are comparable with their healthy peers with regard to motor performance and ADL. However, a majority of the patients perceive an impact of their disease associated with pain and restrictions in sports.     

Treatment with short-term,high-dose cyclosporin A in children with refractory chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

We report on 14 children (seven boys, seven girls) with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) refractory to multiple treatments, who were given a short-term therapy (range between 6 and 10 weeks) with high doses of cyclosporin A (CyA) (median, 10 mg/kg/d). Six patients experienced adverse events and one developed severe systemic mycosis during therapy. A complete response (CR) was observed in four patients and a partial response (PR) in three patients. Only the four CR patients, who were all girls, had a sustained response. These data suggest that CyA may be effective in some children with chronic symptomatic ITP.     

Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination and interferon-alpha-2b combination therapy versus interferon-alpha-2b monotherapy in children with chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND: Although interferon (IFN) has been approved in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children, it is effective only in 30-40% of patients. In some studies it has been suggested that therapeutic use of anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine may be beneficial in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination and IFN-alpha-2b in combination and IFN-alpha-2b monotherapy in children with chronic hepatitis B. METHODS: Fifty treatment-naive children with chronic hepatitis B infection were randomly assigned to receive either 5 million units/m(2) recombinant IFN-alpha-2b subcutaneously three times per week for 9 months, and pre-S2/S vaccine at the beginning and 4 and 24 weeks after initiation of IFN therapy (n = 25) or recombinant IFN-alpha-2b (5 million units/m(2) subcutaneously thrice weekly) alone for 9 months (n = 25). Children were followed for at least 6 months after the end of therapy. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the mean alanine aminotransferase levels, histologic activity index and fibrosis scores between combination and IFN monotherapy groups at the end of the therapy and end of the follow-up period. When combination and monotherapy groups were compared, the mean HBV-DNA values were significantly reduced in combination group at the end of the therapy (P = 0.004), but no statistically significant difference was found at the end of the follow up. Sustained HBeAg seroconversion with clearance of HBV-DNA was obtained in 13 of 25 children (52%) treated with combination therapy, and in eight of 25 patients (32%) treated with IFN monotherapy (P = 0.251). CONCLUSION: Although the difference was statistically insignificant, the sustained response rates were better in the combination therapy group than in the monotherapy group. The potential benefit of combining IFN and hepatitis B vaccine should be investigated in further studies with different regimens of combination therapy.     

The association of childhood asthma with mental health and developmental comorbidities in low-income families

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the relationship of childhood asthma with mental health and developmental indicators in low-income families. Methods: Parents/guardians of approximately 400 children, aged 2–14 years, were recruited from a charity hospital serving low income neighborhoods in the outskirts of Karachi, Pakistan. Mothers of children were interviewed in their local language by a trained nurse. Eight self-reported comorbidities were grouped into two constructs based on factor analysis and conveniently labeled as mental health (anxiety, attention and behavioral problems) and developmental problems (learning, developmental delay, hearing impairment, sleep and speech problems). Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, presence of older siblings, number of people in the household, child birth weight, presence of mold, and family history of asthma or hay fever. Results: Children with asthma had 18 times greater odds of mental health problems (adjusted OR?=?18.0, 95% CI: 9.2, 35.1) as compared to children without asthma. The odds of developmental problems were more than 14 times greater for children with asthma (adjusted OR?=?14.3, 95% CI: 7.8, 26.1) as compared to children without asthma. Conclusions: This study found mental and developmental adverse consequences of childhood asthma in low-income families. Identifying and treating asthma at an early age could reduce the burden of comorbidities in this population.     

Influence of particle size on lung deposition and pharmacokinetics of beclomethasone dipropionate in children

We set out to evaluate lung deposition, systemic availability, and basic pharmacokinetic parameters of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) in children with chronic asthma. Plasma levels of BDP, 17 and 21 beclomethasone monopropionate (17-BMP and 21-BMP), and beclomethasone were measured after an intravenous infusion of 60 microg BDP and after inhalation of A) 100 microg HFA-BDP, B) 200 microg HFA-BDP, C) 200 microg HFA-BDP after ingestion of charcoal to block gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of drug, and D) 400 microg CFC-BDP. A breath-actuated pMDI (Autohaler) was used for HFA inhalations, and a pMDI with a large volume spacer (Volumatic) for CFC inhalations. Treatments A-D were given in a randomized, cross-over design. Fourteen patients aged 10-14 years completed all 5 study days. The mean systemic bioavailabilities in percent of dose leaving the canister valve (ex-valve) were 70% (100 HFA), 74% (200 HFA), 60% (200 HFA + charcoal), and 27% (400 microg CFC). After HFA treatment, 82% of the systemically available dose was absorbed through the lungs, and 18% from the gastrointestinal tract. The estimated bioavailability of BDP from the GI tract was 68%. BDP was metabolized to 17-BMP within minutes. Mean steady-state volume of distribution of 17-BMP was 84 L, and the mean terminal half-life (T((1/2))) after the four inhalations was 2.7 hr (range, 2.2-3.7 hr). Mean T((1/2)) and clearance after i.v. administration were 1.7 hr and 0.9 L/min, respectively. The HFA Autohaler delivers approximately three times as much BDP to the intrapulmonary airways as a CFC-pMDI with a large volume spacer.     

儿童幽门螺杆菌iceA1、babA2基因分布及其细胞免疫功能研究

目的探讨儿童幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacterpylori,Hp)iceA1、babA2基因分布特征及其细胞免疫功能。方法对152例有消化道症状患儿行胃镜检查,并在胃窦部取粘膜作Hp的分离培养,利用聚合酶链反应技术(PCR)测定分离培养出的Hp菌株的iceA1、babA2基因,并采用生物素-链霉亲和素(biotin-sreptavidin,BSA)系统检测患者外周血T细胞亚型,ELISA法检测其细胞因子。结果152例中,检出Hp菌株98例,其中iceA1阳性菌株65例,轻度胃炎、中至重度胃炎iceA1阳性率分别为43.59%(17/39)、79.25%(42/53),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);babA2阳性菌株71例,轻度胃炎、中重度胃炎babA2阳性率分别为48.72%(19/39)、86.79%(46/53),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);6例活动性胃炎均为iceA1、babA2阳性;iceA1 、babA2 患儿的CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 和IL-2下降,IL-6、IL-8水平升高(P均<0.001)。结论儿童Hp感染多为iceA1 、babA2 菌株。iceA1 、babA2 Hp菌株为高毒力菌株,易引起较严重的慢性胃炎,使患者细胞免疫功能下降,引起以Th1细胞为主的炎症浸润反应。