父母育儿因素与学龄前儿童功能性便秘的关系研究

目的 分析学龄前儿童功能性便秘与父母育儿因素的关系,以期为功能性便秘的预防与早期干预提供参考。方法 选取2020年9月至2021年3月在青岛大学附属医院儿童保健门诊就诊的功能性便秘儿童108例为研究对象,同时选取本院正常体检的324例健康儿童作为对照组,采用一般情况调查表、育儿压力量表、家庭教养方式问卷及儿童喂养问卷进行问卷调查。结果 母亲或父母均有便秘病史（OR=2.877,95%CI:1.390~5.953;OR =8.950,95%CI:2.297~34.866）、孩子兄弟姐妹便秘病史（OR=2.109,95%CI:1.483~3.000）、不良排便习惯（OR=3.780,95%CI:1.949~7.329）、排便不顺利时责备儿童（OR=4.719,95%CI:1.963~11.347）、育儿压力（OR=1.917,95%CI:1.314~2.795）、专制型家庭教养方式（OR=2.064,95%CI:1.257~3.391）、逼迫进食（OR =1.585,95%CI:1.112~2.260）是学龄前儿童功能性便秘的相关危险因素。父子互动>2h是儿童功能性便秘发生的独立保护因素（OR=0.240,95%CI:0.078~0.741）。结论 学龄前期儿童功能性便秘的发生与父母育儿因素有着密切联系,医务人员应增加对育儿层面的关注,增加对父母育儿压力的评估,指导家长形成正确的家庭教养方式,增加父子互动时间,并采取科学合理的喂养行为与排便训练行为,从而预防功能性便秘的发生,促进儿童身心健康发展。     

武汉初中生家长对接种HPV疫苗接受度调查

目的了解武汉市初中生家长对孩子接种HPV疫苗的接受度,为在中国进行HPV疫苗接种提供科学依据。方法采取整群抽样方法抽取某初中一、二年级学生家长进行问卷调查。结果341名调查对象中,36．66％的人愿意孩子接种HPV疫苗。多元Logistic回归结果显示,家长的性别、HPV知晓情况和疫苗价格是影响家长对HPV疫苗接受度的主要因素。结论初中生家长对孩子接种HPV疫苗的接受度不高,积极开展HPV及HPV疫苗的认知教育对今后HPV疫苗的预防接种有潜在意义。     

孤独症儿童家长的心理问题及对策

目的分析孤独症儿童父母存在的心理问题,及时给以相应的措施,帮助家长保持良好的心理状态,对患儿的治疗、训练、成长及其家庭生活能取到积极的作用。方法采用状态焦虑问卷、Zung抑郁量表、90项症状自评量表及自行设计的调查问卷表,对102名孤独症儿童家长进行调查。结果孤独症儿童家长普遍存在的心理问题为：紧张焦虑96．1％,自责自罪56．9％,信心丧失65．7％,悲观抑郁81．4％。结论针对家长的心理问题及时给以相应的心理护理、支持和疏导,使家长保持良好的心理状态,对患儿的治疗、训练、成长、家庭生活等具有重要的意义。     

The dynamic role of parental influences in preventing adolescent smoking initiation

Background

As adolescents grow, protective parental influences become less important and peer influences take precedence in adolescent's initiation of smoking. It is unknown how and when this occurs. We sought to: prospectively estimate incidence rates of smoking initiation from late childhood through mid-adolescence, identify important risk and protective parental influences on smoking initiation, and examine their dynamic nature in order to identify key ages.

Methods

Longitudinal data from the National Survey of Parents and Youth of 8 nationally representative age cohorts (9–16 years) of never smokers in the U.S. were used (N = 5705 dyads at baseline). Analysis involved a series of lagged logistic regression models using a cohort-sequential design.

Results

The mean sample cumulative incidence rates of tobacco use increased from 1.8% to 22.5% between the 9 and 16 years old age cohorts. Among risk factors, peer smoking was the most important across all ages; 11–15 year-olds who spent time with peers who smoked had 2 to 6.5 times higher odds of initiating smoking. Parent–youth connectedness significantly decreased the odds of smoking initiation by 14–37% in 11–14 year-olds; parental monitoring and punishment for smoking decreased the odds of smoking initiation risk by 36–59% in 10–15 year-olds, and by 15–28% in 12–14 year-olds, respectively.

Conclusions

Parental influences are important in protecting against smoking initiation across adolescence. At the same time, association with peers who smoke is a very strong risk factor. Our findings provide empirical evidence to suggest that in order to prevent youth from initiating smoking, parents should be actively involved in their adolescents' lives and guard them against association with peers who smoke.     

Validez de medidas antropométricas y percepciones ponderales declaradas por familiares de menores de 4 años

ObjectiveTo assess the validity of weight and height measurements reported by parents and the perception of their children's weight status in order to assess the prevalence of overweight children under 4 years old.MethodsCross-sectional study. Anthropometric data was collected by self-report questionnaires completed by parents of children 3-45 months old: 1) information from paediatric check-ups (gold standard); 2) information reported from the home environment; and 3) data from individual perceptions. WHO standards were used.ResultsReported height was underestimated, thus reported weight/height and BMI/age were overestimated. Overweight prevalence according to paediatric check-ups was 18.6%, compared to 26.5% reported prevalence, showing a moderate concordance (Kappa: 0.47 [0.34-0.60]), 70% sensitivity and 84% specificity. Subjective perception was 11.2%, representing 30% sensitivity and 93% specificity.ConclusionsThe reported information has little validity for population-based studies, as height is underestimated and overweight status is not correctly perceived due to distortion of individual perception. Questionnaires must be validated and awareness raised among families.     

Perceptions and acceptability of HPV vaccination among parents of young adolescents: A multicenter national survey in China

Prophylactic HPV vaccines target young adolescents to prevent related cervical lesions and even genital warts prior to onset of sexual activity. Parental consent is often essential for success of vaccination program for this age group. We conducted a national multicenter study to explore the acceptability of HPV vaccination among parents of young adolescents and associated factors in relevant parent decision making in China. A total of 2899 parents of young adolescents (11–17 years) participated in the survey between November 28, 2011 and May 9, 2012, but four were excluded from analysis because of inconsistencies in their given information in the questionnaire. Mothers accounted for 62.8% of the parent participants. The mean age of the parents was 40.40 (standard deviation, 4.68) years. Only 36.2% of the parents accepted the vaccine for their children. Knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccine was a positive correlate with HPV vaccination acceptability (P_trend = 0.003). Grade of child (P_trend = 0.015), prior vaccination experience outside the National Expanded Program on Immunization (OR: 1.43; 95%CI: 1.19–1.72), fear of cervical cancer and/or genital warts (OR: 2.47; 95%CI: 2.00–3.05), and prior consultation regarding HPV vaccine information (OR: 2.35; 95%CI: 1.57–3.52) were also positively associated with higher HPV vaccine acceptability. The acceptability was lower in mothers (OR: 0.45; 95%CI: 0.37–0.54) and who had better education (P_trend = 0.009). 57.3% of the parents agreed that the most appropriate venue for HPV vaccination was the local center for disease prevention and control. In conclusion, our study indicates a low acceptability of HPV vaccination among parents of young adolescents in China. We understand there are many challenges in implementing HPV vaccination program. Our findings will serve as valuable references for future HPV vaccination policies and campaigns after HPV vaccines are approved in China.     

The Long-Term Psychosocial Effects of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment on Children and Their Families

Abstract

Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, a study of 77 families was undertaken to examine the long-term psychosocial effects of cancer on children and their families. This paper focuses specifically on the findings in relation to the parents' subgroup of the overall study. Key findings were that the majority of parents and their children readjust to ordinary family life following completion of treatment. Gender differences in parents' coping mechanisms emerged. The period immediately following the cessation of treatment can create feelings of isolation and vulnerability, and many parents have ongoing worries about their child's continued well-being.     

广东、吉林、四川、湖北四省0—6岁儿童家长有关营养教育前后知信行的比较

目的：了解广东、吉林、四川和湖北4省0－6岁儿童家长在营养教育前后的营养知识－态度－行为等方面的变化。方法：用自制的儿童家长知－信－行调查问卷在营养教育前后分别对4个省的4个县随机抽取7016名0－6岁儿童家长进行问卷调查，并对这些儿童进行身高、体重和血红蛋白的测定。结果：家长对食物与健康的关系的认识从教育前的47．7％上升至84．4％，对疾病的认识也从52．0％增至94．0％；给4－6月儿童添加合理辅食的人数百分比也从17．07％增至53．41％，添加的品种中蛋羹、菜末、肉末、豆腐及动物肝泥等食物增加的幅度较大。结论：营养教育是改善儿童营养状况的重要途径。     

2010年雅安市农村部分幼儿家长免疫规划疫苗知识情况调查

[目的]了解幼儿家长对免疫规划疫苗的知晓情况,为有针对性地开展免疫规划宣传教育提供科学依据。[方法]2010年5月,在雅安市农村随机抽取336名2008年1月1日至12月31日出生幼儿的家长/监护人进行调查。[结果]调查336名家长,87.80%的人认为孩子有必要接种疫苗。原免疫规划疫苗"五苗"总知晓率为28.57%,其中小学及以下文化者为6.67%,初中文化者22.22%,高中者73.33%(P<0.05);农民为19.03%,工人75.00%,医务人员100.00%,外出务工返乡人员89.74%(P<0.05)。扩大免疫规划疫苗"四苗"总知晓率为0。[结论]雅安市幼儿家长免疫规划疫苗知晓率较低。     

Perspectives about Family Meals from Single-Headed and Dual-Headed Households: A Qualitative Analysis

Cross-sectional and longitudinal research has shown that family meals are protective for adolescent healthful eating behaviors. However, little is known about what parents think of these findings and whether parents from single- vs dual-headed households have differing perspectives about the findings. In addition, parents’ perspectives regarding barriers to applying the findings on family meals in their own homes and suggestions for more widespread adoption of the findings are unknown. The current study aimed to identify single- and dual-headed household parents’ perspectives regarding the research findings on family meals, barriers to applying the findings in their own homes, and suggestions for helping families have more family meals. The current qualitative study included 59 parents who participated in substudy of two linked multilevel studies—EAT 2010 (Eating and Activity in Teens) and Families and Eating and Activity in Teens (F-EAT). Parents (91.5% female) were racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results from the current study suggest that parents from both single- and dual-headed households have similar perspectives regarding why family meals are protective for healthful eating habits for adolescents (eg, provides structure/routine, opportunities for communication, connection), but provide similar and different reasons for barriers to family meals (eg, single-headed=cost vs dual-headed=lack of creativity) and ideas and suggestions for how to increase the frequency of family meals (eg, single-headed=give fewer options vs dual-headed=include children in the meal preparation). Findings can help inform public health intervention researchers and providers who work with adolescents and their families to understand how to approach discussions regarding reasons for having family meals, barriers to carrying out family meals, and ways to increase family meals depending on family structure.