不同褪黑素治疗方案对缺氧缺血性脑损伤新生大鼠内源性神经干细胞增殖的影响

目的 探讨不同褪黑素治疗方案对缺氧缺血性脑损伤（HIBD）新生大鼠脑内源性神经干细胞（NSCs）增殖及远期组织学的影响,以寻求褪黑素治疗的较优方案。方法 将96只7日龄Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为正常对照组、缺氧缺血性脑损伤（HIBD）组、单剂量即刻褪黑素治疗（SDIT）组及7日连续褪黑素治疗（7DCT）组（n=24）。HIBD大鼠模型采用分离并电凝大鼠右侧颈总动脉,低氧舱（氧气浓度为8%±0.01%）内缺氧2 h的方法建立。造模后7 d,采用增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）/巢蛋白（Nestin）免疫荧光双标法检测各组大鼠侧脑室室管膜下区（SVZ）及海马齿状回（DG）区内源性NSCs的增殖情况（n=8）;采用Western blot法检测各组大鼠脑Nestin蛋白的表达水平（n=8）。造模后28 d,采用苏木精-伊红染色（HE）和尼氏染色法观察海马CA1区的组织病理学及锥体细胞数的变化（n=8）。结果 免疫荧光染色结果显示：SDIT组和7DCT组PCNA⁺Nestin⁺DAPI⁺细胞数均较HIBD组增加,且7DCT组显著多于SDIT组（P < 0.01）;Western blot结果显示：SDIT组与7DCT组Nestin蛋白的表达水平均显著高于HIBD组,且7DCT组显著高于SDIT组（P < 0.05）;HE染色结果显示：SDIT组及7DCT组细胞损伤减轻;尼氏染色结果显示：SDIT组和7DCT组锥体细胞数均较HIBD组增加,且7DCT组显著高于SDIT组（P < 0.01）。结论 SDIT和7DCT均可促进HIBD新生大鼠脑内源性NSCs的增殖,减轻远期组织学损伤,且7DCT疗效优于SDIT。     

Hearing impairment and hypoxia ischaemic encephalopathy: Incidence and associated factors

Objective

To establish the local incidence of hearing loss in newborns with Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE) and to identify associated risk factors.

窒息新生儿胆囊排空功能的研究

观察窒息对新生儿胆囊排空功能的影响。方法用B超检测窒息新生儿107例及正常对照组 新生儿219例胆囊排空前后胆囊的长径、直径,计算出胆囊排空前后最大纵断面积近似值(长径×直径)的均 数、各指标胆囊排空前后差值及胆囊排空率;并用统计学方法比较以上各指标。结果窒息组的各差值及胆囊 排空率均小于正常对照组,而最大纵断面积近似值却大于正常对照组(P均＜0.01)。结论窒息可使新生儿 胆囊排空功能明显减弱,使新生儿胆囊扩张。     

Neonatal outcome in discordant eutrophic twins: twin growth.

OBJECTIVE: To compare maternal characteristics and neonatal outcome in discordant twin gestations (DT) and concordant twin gestation (CT). METHOD: Maternal and neonatal data base of live twins >25 weeks' gestation (N=351 pairs) were reviewed for antepartum complications, labor beginning, mode of delivery, neonatal complications, malformations and perinatal mortality. The chi-squared analysis and Student t-tests were used to analyze the differences between discordant and concordant premature and term twin pairs, and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) twins, separately. RESULTS: DT occurred in 15.1% of all twin pregnancies. In preterm and term DT there were significantly more elective cesareans. Growth discordance among preterm and term eutrophic twins was not connected with increased neonatal death or other complications, except higher incidence of early neurological signs in term DT. CONCLUSION: We strongly believed that prematurity and not discordant growth of eutrophic twins has important influence on neonatal outcome.     

Effect of clofibrate on reducing neonatal jaundice: a systematic review and meta-analysis

In neonates, bilirubin tends to be deposited in body tissues, especially the skin and mucous membranes. Jaundice is an early symptom of bilirubin excretion disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of clofibrate on reducing neonatal jaundice. In this systematic review, international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, were searched without time and language restrictions. The reference lists of all studies ultimately included were manually searched. In the 17 articles reviewed, with a sample size of 665 people published between 2005 and 2019, the average weight of the neonates varied from 2,186 g to 4,000 g. Furthermore, the average age of neonates varied from 2 days to 9 days. Four doses of clofibrate (25, 30, 50, 100 mg/kg of neonatal body weight) were used. The bilirubin level of neonates significantly decreased in the intervention group 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after the start of treatment. Clofibrate administration decreased total serum bilirubin, especially from the second day onwards, and also reduced hospitalization time, hospital costs, and side effects from hospitalization.     

Characteristics of normal newborn transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions: Ear asymmetries and sex effects

Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) were recorded from more than 30000 newborns over a six year period. Analysis was performed on all the TEOAEs that passed the bedside universal hearing screen (n=60431), in order to characterize the normal properties of neonatal TEOAEs and to study ear and sex effects. Short recording times (median=33 s) were observed in combination with high entire TEOAE level (median=18.8 dB SPL for an 81.8 dB SPL peak stimulus), and high reproducibility (median=86%). Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the TEOAE was highly frequency-dependent, being poorer at low frequencies. Prolonged averaging increased median reproducibility to 97%, but the minor S/N-improvement at low frequencies did not justify the longer test time. Highly significant mean lateral asymmetries (right >left) and sex differences (female >male) existed in entire TEOAE level, S/N TEOAE, and in half-octave frequency bands (700–4000 Hz). Mean lateral and sex entire TEOAE level differences were 1.1 dB and 1.3 dB, respectively. Stimulus levels were not affected by ear or sex. Hence, physiological differences at the level of organ of Corti were demonstrated in newborns.     

Management of premature rupture of membranes before 25 weeks

OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to define the benefits and risks related to expectant management in the midtrimester rupture of membranes and to assess the prognostic factors in order to give objective informations to parents facing these obstetrical situations. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective study. The study population included 49 patients with premature rupture of membranes at 16-23 weeks' gestation during the period January 1998-June 2003. The main criterion for judgement was neonate survival. Statistical analysis included chi2-test for the qualitative variables and Student's test for the quantitative variables. The threshold for significance was 5%. RESULTS: Twenty couples out of 49 chose medical termination of pregnancy. Among the 29 other pregnancies, the mean latency period was 2.1 weeks. The mean gestational age at delivery was 23.2 weeks. Nineteen patients were delivered after 22 weeks. The main prognostic factors were the initial amniotic fluid index (2.9 cm versus 0.8 cm) (p=0.042) and gestational age at delivery (26.7 weeks versus 22.6 weeks) (p<0.001). About 2% of the pregnancies were complicated by maternal infection. Eighty-three percent of the survivors had neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. 41.2% of them presented sepsis. We observed no cases of severe intraventricular haemorrhage. The number of infants born after 24 weeks of gestation and still alive at 1 week was 12, representing 24% of pregnancies and 63% of the infants born after 24 weeks. CONCLUSION: Expectant management can be widely suggested to patients. However, termination of pregnancy is acceptable, in cases with a poor prognosis including anamnios and premature rupture of membranes before 21 weeks.     

New guidelines for maternal and neonatal resuscitation

New evidence has prompted changes in our national cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines for both neonates and adult patients. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the changes recommended by the American Heart Association, Academy of American Pediatrics, and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. In addition, a strategy for implementing these guidelines into practice is suggested.     

应用改良方法气管内滴入肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿肺透明膜病的疗效观察

目的：观察改良方法气管内滴入肺表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant,PS）治疗新生儿肺透明膜病（Neonatal Hyaline Membrane Disease,HMD）的疗效。方法：选取96例新生儿肺透明膜病患儿,按随机数字表法分为治疗组（n=48）和对照组（n=48）,对照组采用传统的多体位间断非密闭式气管内滴入PS;治疗组应用经头皮针气管导管侧壁刺入持续气管内滴入PS,观察比较两组的各观察指标及临床转归情况。结果：治疗组的平均操作时间明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;且滴药过程中脱管率、管口溢药率、脉搏氧饱和度下降率及呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发病率均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：应用改良方法即经头皮针气管导管侧壁刺入持续气管内滴入PS成功率高,操作简单、快速,注药过程平缓,减少了脱管、药液喷出浪费、一过性缺氧及VAP的发生,是一种更快捷、方便、安全、经济、有效的给药方法,值得推广。