早产儿喂养不耐受肠道菌群多样性研究

目的：采用变性梯度凝胶电泳聚合酶链反应（ PCR－DGGE）技术从微生物生态学的角度分析比较喂养不耐受（ FI）与健康早产儿肠道细菌群落结构的多样性及相似性。方法以2013年11月至2014年9月在第四军医大学附属唐都医院儿科新生儿病房诊断为FI的早产儿为FI组。选择与FI组胎龄、日龄、出生体重相匹配的非FI早产儿作为对照组。采集出现FI时和同时间段对照组的粪便标本,进行16SrDNAV3区扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）,从而分析比较两组间肠道菌群多样性指数及相似性。结果细菌多样性检测显示FI组的肠道菌群多样性指数香农－维纳指数（H）、丰度（S）、均衡度指数（E）和辛普森多样性指数（D）均低于对照组（均P＜0．05）;相似性矩阵图及聚类分析结果显示组内菌群相似性较组间高（P＜0．05）;PCA结果同聚类分析一致。结论肠道微生物群落多样性的改变及群落结构紊乱可能是引起早产儿FI的重要因素。     

肠内营养喂养不耐受与慢阻肺急性加重期机械通气患者并发ICU获得性衰弱的相关性研究

目的探讨肠内营养喂养不耐受(FI)与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)急性加重期机械通气患者并发ICU获得性衰弱(ICU-AW)的相关性。方法收集254例慢阻肺急性加重期患者作为观察对象,根据是否发生FI分为FI组132例和非FI组122例,统计肠内营养FI和ICU-AW发生情况。采用生存分析中的Kaplan-Meier(K-M)生存曲线,分析肠内营养FI对慢阻肺急性加重期机械通气患者并发7d ICU-AW的影响。采用Logistic回归分析慢阻肺急性加重期机械通气患者发生FI的影响因素。结果慢阻肺急性加重期机械通气患者肠内营养FI和ICU-AW的发生率分别为52.0%和59.8%。K-M分析显示,FI组患者7d内ICU-AW发生率高于非FI组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥65岁(OR=5.998,95%CI:3.057~11.766)、APACHEⅡ评分(OR=1.150,95%CI:1.080~1.225)、高血糖(OR=2.090,95%CI:1.091~4.005)、放置鼻胃管(OR=2.098,95%CI:1.097~4.015)、床头未抬高≥30°(OR=4.151,95%CI:1.951~8.832)和营养液输注速度(OR=1.049,95%CI:1.019~1.080)均是慢阻肺急性加重期机械通气患者发生FI的危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论慢阻肺急性加重期机械通气患者肠内营养FI和ICU-AW发生率高,FI会增加其ICU-AW发生风险。年龄≥65岁、APACHEⅡ评分、高血糖、放置鼻胃管、床头未抬高≥30°和营养液输注速度均是慢阻肺急性加重期机械通气患者发生FI的危险因素,应根据危险因素进行针对性干预。     

大剂量红霉素治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的疗效观察

目的：探讨大剂量红霉素治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的疗效。方法选取2013年1月—2014年1月于贵港市妇幼保健院就诊的喂养不耐受早产儿54例,随机分为观察组与对照组,各27例。对照组予以常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用大剂量红霉素治疗。观察两组肠内热卡达标（即达到50kcal·kg -1·d -1）时间、住院时间、全胃肠外营养（TPN）时间及并发症发生情况。结果观察组肠内热卡达标时间、住院时间及 TPN 时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）;两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论大剂量红霉素治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的疗效显著,能改善早产儿胃肠动力,缩短住院时间,且并发症少。     

The role of growth hormone in the glucose intolerance of uremia

Summary The fasting plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration and the plasma growth hormone response to sustained hyperglycemia was examined in 8 chronically uremic subjects before and after hemodialysis employing the hyperglycemic clamp technique. The plasma glucose concentration was actuely raised and maintained at +125 mg/100 ml above basal levels. Since the glucose concentration was held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism (M) and M divided by the plasma insulin response (I) is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin. Predialysis, the fasting GH concentration, 4.0±1.0 ng/ml, was significantly greater than controls, 0.3±0.1 ng/ml (p<0.01), and failed to suppress normally following sustained hyperglycemia. Both M, 4.23±0.36 mg/kg·min, and M/I, 5.05±0.79 mg/kg·min per μU/ml, were significantly reduced compared to controls (p<0.001). There was no correlation between either the fasting GH concentration or the GH response to sustained hyperglycemia and either M or M/I. Following dialysis both M, 6.30±0.64 mg/kg·min, and M/I, 8.39±1.06 mg/kg·min per μU/ml, increased (p<0.01) without significant change in either the fasting GH level, 4.0 ± 1.2 ng/ml, or the plasma GH response to hyperglycemia. It is concluded that while deranged GH physiology is a common accompaniment of the uremic state, it is not responsible for the glucose intolerance and tissue insensitivity to insulin observed in uremia. The middle of the weight range for subjects of medium frame from the 1959 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company table for desirable weight was used.     

Coincidental Malabsorption of Lactose, Fructose, and Sorbitol Ingested at Low Doses Is Not Common in Normal Adults

Normal subjects may incompletely absorb either lactose, fructose, or sorbitol and may therefore have abdominal symptoms. The frequency of coincidental malabsorption of these sugars is not known. This is clinically important, since we often ingest them during the same day and malabsorption may cause abdominal symptoms. To shed light on this issue we studied 32 normal subjects. Volunteers drank in random order the following solutions: 20 g lactulose, 50 g sucrose, 50 and 25 g lactose, 50 and 25 g fructose, 20 and 10 g sorbitol. Semiquantitative carbohydrate malabsorption was estimated with lactulose standards. Frequency of 50-g lactose (69%), 50-g fructose (81%), and 20-g sorbitol (84%) malabsorption was not significantly different (P = 0.3). The estimated median fraction of the ingested high dose malabsorbed was 42, 19, and 68% for lactose, fructose, and sorbitol, respectively. At low challenging doses, 63% of the volunteers absorbed two of three or all three sugars, and 88% were asymptomatic to two or all three sugars. In conclusion, the frequency of coincidental malabsorption of lactose, fructose, and sorbitol and intolerance to these sugars is not common, when normal adults ingest them at low doses.     

Insulin sensitivity,insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness in diabetic and non-diabetic cirrhotic patients

Summary In cirrhotic patients with normal fasting glucose levels both insulin insensitivity and a blunted early insulin response to oral glucose are important determinants of the degree of intolerance to oral glucose. It is not known whether the ability of hyperglycaemia per se to enhance glucose disposal (glucose effectiveness) is also impaired. It is also unclear whether overt diabetes is due to (1) more marked insulin insensitivity; (2) impaired insulin secretion; (3) reduced glucose effectiveness; or (4) a combination of these mechanisms. We used the minimal model to analyse the results of a 3-h intravenous glucose tolerance test to assess glucose effectiveness, insulin sensitivity and insulin responses in 12 non-diabetic cirrhotic patients, 8 diabetic cirrhotic patients and 10 normal control subjects. Fasting blood glucose levels were 4.8±0.2, 7.5±0.6 and 4.7±0.1 mmol/l, respectively. Fasting insulin and C-peptide levels were higher in both cirrhotic patient groups compared with control subjects. The glucose clearance between 6 and 19 min after i.v. glucose was lower in both cirrhotic groups (non-diabetic, 1.56±0.14, diabetic, 0.76±0.06, control subjects, 2.49±0.16 min^–1%, both p<0.001 vs control subjects). Serum insulin peaked at 3 and 23 min in the non-diabetic cirrhotic patients and control subjects; both peaks were higher in the non-diabetic cirrhotic patients and showed a delayed return to basal levels. In the diabetic cirrhotic patients, the first phase insulin and C-peptide response to i.v. glucose was absent; their early (22–27 min) incremental insulin response to i. v. tolbutamide was however similar to that of control subjects but 43% lower than in the non-diabetic cirrhotic patients (p<0.05). Insulin sensitivity was markedly reduced in both cirrhotic groups (non-diabetic, 1.11±0.24×10^–4, diabetic, 0.33±0.53×10^–4, control subjects, 4.37±0.53×10^–4 min^–1 per mU·l^–1, both p<0.001 vs controls). Glucose effectiveness was normal in the non-diabetic cirrhotic patients but 29% lower in the diabetic group. It would appear that overt diabetes develops in those cirrhotic patients who in addition to insulin insensitivity have a marked impairment of insulin secretion. An associated reduction in glucose effectiveness may be a contributory factor.     

Dietary sugars and subclinical vascular damage in moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk adults

Background and aimsThe association between dietary sugars and vascular damage has been scarcely examined out of the context of established cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the association between different types of sugars with subclinical atheromatosis and arteriosclerosis, in individuals free of cardiovascular disease being, however, at moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk.Methods and resultsTwo 24-h dietary recalls were conducted to estimate sugars intake. Subclinical atheromatosis was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography and arteriosclerosis (arterial stiffness) via tonometry (carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship of quartiles of total sugars, monosaccharides and disaccharides with atheromatosis and arteriosclerosis, adjusting for potential confounders [Odds Ratio (95%Confidence Interval)]. In 901 participants (52.4 ± 13.8 years, 45.2% males), total sugars intake was not associated with any type of subclinical vascular damage. Subjects at 4th quartile of lactose intake (15.3 ± 5.5 g/day) had lower probability to present atheromatosis compared to those at 1st quartile (0.00 ± 0.01 g/day) even in the fully adjusted model [0.586 (0.353–0.974)]. Subjects at 3rd quartile of total disaccharides intake and particularly sucrose (15.1 ± 2.2 g/day) had higher probability to present arteriosclerosis compared to those at 1st quartile (3.0 ± 1.9 g/day) even after adjustment for all potential confounders [2.213 (1.110–4.409)].ConclusionsOverall, the present data suggest a distinct role of each type of sugars on vascular damage. These observations highlight the need for further studies investigating not only foods rich in sugars, but sugars as separate components of food as they probably contribute via different ways on the development of arterial pathologies.     

Autonomic dysfunction in childhood hypersomnia disorders

ObjectiveOrthostatic intolerance (OI) is a common manifestation of autonomic dysfunction. It is characterized by light-headedness and palpitations in the upright position, with relief when supine. It can affect the quality of life. Other symptoms that may accompany OI include headache, fatigue, nausea, palpitations and abdominal pain. The prevalence and characteristics of autonomic symptoms in childhood hypersomnia disorders of childhood has not been examined, and hence were studied.MethodsThe medical records of children and adolescents with hypersomnia disorders were reviewed. Subjects had been diagnosed with narcolepsy types 1 or 2 (NT1 or NT2), idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) or the KLS, or hypersomnia related to medical conditions, were under 18 years of age at sleep diagnosis, and had been evaluated at our sleep center between 2000 and 2018. Those with comorbidities such as obstructive sleep apnea and major depression were excluded. The medical records were reviewed for symptoms at initial presentation suggestive of autonomic dysfunction, such as orthostatic intolerance, headache, fatigue, nausea, palpitations and abdominal pain. If these symptoms had been recorded, the chart was examined further to determine if an autonomic reflex screen (ARS) battery had been conducted. The ARS battery examines both sympathetic and parasympathetic function. It is composed of a tilt table test, heart rate and blood pressure responses to the Valsalva maneuver and deep breathing, a quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test and beat-to-beat blood pressure measurements during the Valsalva maneuver. Results of the ARS battery were interpreted by an autonomic neurology specialist (WS), who was not otherwise involved in the care of the patients. Medications taken at the time of autonomic testing were recorded.ResultsThere were 89 patients with hypersomnia disorders. Forty six patients had NT1, 17 had NT2, 18 had IH, 1 with KLS, and 7 had hypersomnia associated with medical disorders. Thirty three of 89 subjects (37%) had the symptom of OI at initial presentation, hence had undergone autonomic reflex screen testing. The median age at diagnosis of hypersomnia in the 33 subjects with the OI symptom was 14.5 years (interquartile range 12–16) and similar (14.5 years, interquartile range 11.5–16) in the 56 subjects without OI. In the group with OI, 25/33 had not received medications for treating hypersomnia at the time of autonomic testing. OI was not related to the degree of sleepiness– the mean sleep latency in the subjects with OI was 5.3 ± 2.9 min while in those without OI it was 4.5 ± 3.8 min. The symptom of OI was not more likely to occur in any specific type of hypersomnia.OI however tended to occur predominantly in females – the female: male ratio in the OI subgroup was 2:1 (n = 33) while in the subgroup without OI, it was 1: 2.1 (n = 56; p = 0.0015). Additional symptoms recorded in the OI subgroup included lightheadedness in 25/33, palpitations in 6/33, nausea and vomiting in 4/33, fatigue in 25/33, headache in 15/33 and constipation in 3/33. The symptoms of OI were reproduced during the tilt table test in 17/33 subjects; 5 of these patients had a rise in heart rate consistent with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).ConclusionIn this retrospective sample, one third of children with hypersomnia disorders exhibited the symptom of OI at initial presentation, with female predominance. A smaller subgroup met criteria for POTS. Screening for autonomic symptoms in children with hypersomnia is important because the former seems to be a treatable co-morbidity that impacts the sense of well-being.     

An Evidence-Based Guideline for Treating Dyslipidemia in Statin-Intolerant Patients

The purpose of this report is to inform nurse practitioners and other health care providers about how to treat dyslipidemia in the statin-intolerant patient while simultaneously achieving optimal cardiovascular outcomes for this patient population. This report will briefly explain how to rechallenge the statin-intolerant patient and the secondary therapies that are available to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Algorithms for rechallenging the statin-intolerant patient and secondary therapies are also provided.     

Effect of abdominal massage on feeding intolerance among premature baby with mechanical ventilation in neonatal intensive care unit in indonesia

BackgroundFeeding intolerance in premature infants is due to the immaturity of the gastrointestinal system which is aggravated by the installation of mechanical ventilation. The impact of premature babies is delaying enteral nutrition, NEC, the risk due to parenteral nutrition and the high cost of care. Abdominal massage is one of the recommended actions to prevent it.ObjectiveThe study aimed to determine the effect of abdominal massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants with mechanical ventilation in the NICU.MethodsThis study was conducted using quasi-experimental with nonequivalent control group pretest and posttest design in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The study was conducted on 34 premature infants, 17 groups who did abdominal massage and 17 as a control group. Feeding intolerance is determined by the presence of one or more symptoms such as increased gastric residue, abdominal distension and frequency of vomiting observed on the first (pre) and fifth (post) days. Abdominal massage is carried out twice a day for 15 min in a 5 day period. Data can be seen the difference on the first day and the last day.ResultsThe results showed a decrease in average gastric residue difference of 0.65 cc and abdominal distension of 0.59 cm in the intervention group (p < 0.05). Whereas in the control group gastric residue increased 3.59 cc and abdominal distension 1.88 cm (p < 0.05). The mean difference in vomiting frequency decreased in both groups, a decrease of 0.118 in the intervention group and 0.18 in the control group (p = 0.63). There was a significant difference in the occurrence of feeding intolerance between groups after the intervention (p = 0.05), where the incidence of feeding intolerance did not increase (0%) in the intervention group, while the control group increased by 9 (52.9%) respondents. There was a significant contribution to the confounding factor of the type of mechanical ventilation in the amount of gastric residue after the intervention (p = 0.02).ConclusionThere is an effect of abdominal massage on the incidence of feeding inolerance in premature infants with mechanical ventilation, so researchers recommend SPO abdominal massage to be considered as a treatment for intolerance feeding in premature infants with mechanical ventilation in the NICU.