Bone mineral density and mortality in women and men: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study

PURPOSE: We sought to assess the long-term association of bone mineral density with total, cardiovascular, and non-cardiovascular mortality. METHODS: The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were obtained from a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized civilians. A cohort aged 45 through 74 years at baseline (1971-1975) was observed through 1992. Subjects were followed for a maximum of 22 years. Included in the analyses were 3501 white and black subjects. Death certificates were used to identify a total of 1530 deaths. RESULTS: Results were evaluated to determine the relative risk for death per 1 SD lower bone mineral density, after controlling for age at baseline, smoking status, alcohol consumption, history of diabetes, history of heart disease, education, body mass index, recreational physical activity, and blood pressure medication. Bone mineral density showed a significant inverse relationship to mortality in white men and blacks, but did not reach significance in white women. Based on 1 SD lower bone mineral density, the relative risk for white men was 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.26, p<.01), while for white women the relative risk was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.99-1.23, p=.07), and in blacks the relative risk was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.05-1.42, p<.01). Bone mineral density was also associated with non-cardiovascular mortality in all three race-gender groups. An association between bone mineral density and cardiovascular mortality was found only in white men. CONCLUSIONS: Bone mineral density is a significant predictor of death from all causes (white men, blacks), cardiovascular (white men only) and other causes combined, in whites and blacks.     

Development of an implantable muscle stimulator: measurement of stimulated angiogenesis and poststimulus vessel regression

OBJECTIVE: We developed a lightweight, totally implantable electrical stimulator designed to elicit contraction of skeletal muscle. The stimulator can be programmed to run for different on-off intervals in a given time period in a fully automatic mode. Using the stimulator, angiogenesis was promoted in order to study the rate at which vessel growth and subsequent regression occurs after stimulus removal. METHODS: A fully implanted digital stimulator was designed and fabricated. The stimulator was embedded subcutaneously in the thoracolumbar region of male Sprague-Dawley rats and the electrodes were tunneled under the skin to the common peroneal nerve of the right hind limb. The stimulator elicited muscle contraction in the hind limb at 10 s-1 using square-wave pulses 0.3 ms in duration, evoking contraction of specific muscles for 8 hours/day for 7 days. RESULTS: Chronic stimulation of the skeletal muscles innervated by the common peroneal nerve led to significant increases in blood vessel density in the tibialis anterior (TA; 26%) and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL; 19%) within 7 days. The vessel density remained elevated at 3 days and 7 days poststimulation, but subsequently decreased to control levels by 14 days poststimulation. CONCLUSION: The new stimulator can promote significant increases in vessel density within 7 days, allowing study of both stimulated vessel growth and poststimulus rarefaction. Because of its small size and reliable timing cycles, the stimulator should prove to be a valuable tool in studying these phenomena.     

不同车型旅客列车蜚蠊分布及密度调查

目的了解新形势下不同车型旅客列车蜚蠊的生活习性及分布特点,为旅客列车更有效地进行蜚蠊综合防治提供依据。方法采用药激法喷洒,10min后检查爬出或击倒的蜚蠊数,计算蜚蠊侵害率及平均密度。结果旅客列车蜚蠊侵害率平均为27.7%,其中22系列（45.5%）〉25B（37.7%）〉25G（24.2%）〉SYZ25B（16.7%）〉25K（7.4%）,CA（90.0%）〉YZ（32.3%）〉YW（17.1%）〉RW（5.0%）。蜚蠊平均密度为2.51只/辆,其中22系列（4.58只/辆）〉25B（3.75只/辆）〉25G（2.01只/辆）〉SYZ25B（1.17只/辆）〉25K（0.43只/辆）,CA（6.35只/辆）〉YZ（3.51只/辆）〉YW（1.30只/辆）〉RW（0.15只/辆）。蜚蠊栖息部位主要在车厢的四个角落、乘务室、储藏间、冰箱电机旁及灶底通风口和配电室等处,洗脸间灯箱、厢顶通气口出现蜚蠊并呈聚集状态。结论旅客列车蜚蠊侵害严重,蜚蠊分布发生改变,洗脸间灯箱、厢顶通气口、中铺等高部位出现蜚蠊,不同车型有差别。灭蠊时需注意这些部位及配电室等隐蔽处,可采取喷雾、胶饵等方式。     

提高毛发移植的覆盖率

目的探讨显微外科技术自体毛发移植的特点和方法,提高毛发移植成活的覆盖率。方法在较低温度(20°C)环境下,采用边切边缝方法取耳后或枕后毛发,在显微镜下分离成保留周围少量脂肪组织的毛囊族或单株,按需要移植部位不同进行不同的毛囊族或单株并套插的显微外科技术移植共31例。结果31例移植毛发后随访21例,随访时间6~38个月,移植后的毛发能基本覆盖无毛发区的皮肤和瘢痕,移植覆盖率较原来的移植方法提高33%,且外形自然,效果稳定。结论显微外科技术自体毛囊族状(微株小株)或单株移植,具有操作快、损伤小、低温保湿等特点,能较好地保留毛囊周围少量脂肪,在孔与孔的皮肤间隙内再用毛发移植针植入单株毛坯的“套插”移植,更有助于增加毛发覆盖率。     

张家港口岸鼠形动物种群分布和季节消长调查

目的了解张家港口岸鼠形动物种群分布和季节消长情况,为防制提供科学依据。方法采用夹夜法。结果采取综合防制措施后,张家港口岸的鼠密度一直处于较低水平。此次调查,鼠形动物4年的平均密度为0．10％,以小家鼠为优势种,占48．42％,其次为褐家鼠和麝嗣,分别占25．79％和24．43％。鼠密度于4、9月呈现两个高峰,其中2004年鼠密度分别为0．35％和0．31％;于12、1月和6、7月呈现两个低谷,约低于0．05％。食堂和防护带密度较高,达到0．13％,仓库最低,为0．03％。结论张家港口岸鼠形动物以小家鼠为优势种,应在其繁殖高峰前后采取综合防制措施,降低鼠密度,预防传染病的发生。     

Changes in bone mineral density following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: 2-year outcomes

BackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that sleeve gastrectomy (SG) leads to significant bone mineral density (BMD) losses, but there is a paucity of studies evaluating skeletal consequences beyond 12-months post-operatively.ObjectivesTo evaluate BMD changes 2 years postoperatively.SettingA university hospital.MethodsThirty-three women (mean age: 34.4 ± 12.3 years) who underwent SG and completed 24 months of follow-up were evaluated prospectively at baseline and at 3 (M3), 6 (M6), 12 (M12), and 24 (M24) months postoperatively. Data collected included BMD at the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and anthropometrics, biochemical, nutritional, and physical activity parameters.ResultsAt M24, patients achieved a mean body mass index and excess weight loss of 32.4 ± 5.1 kg/m² and 64.5 ± 21.4%, respectively; however, weight stabilized at M12. Femoral neck BMD decreased significantly from baseline to M24 (.924 ± .124 versus .870 ± .129 g/cm², P < .001), with no change between M12 and M24 (P = .273). Total hip BMD decreased significantly from baseline to M24 (1.004 ± .105 versus .965 ± .132 g/cm², P < .001) but increased between M12 and M24 (P = .001). No significant changes were noted in lumbar spine BMD. The percentage of changes in the femoral neck and the total hip BMD from baseline to M24 positively correlated with postoperative excess weight loss (r = .352, P = .045, and r = .416, P = .018, respectively).ConclusionDespite notable weight loss, women who underwent SG experienced significant bone loss at the total hip and femoral neck more than 2 years postoperatively. Future studies should investigate intervention strategies to attenuate skeletal deterioration after SG.     

体外诱导小鼠骨髓单个核细胞向内皮分化的实验研究

目的:为组织工程研究做准备,分离培养小鼠骨髓单个核细胞并诱导向血管内皮分化。方法:成年Balb/c小鼠,应用淋巴细胞分离液(密度1.077g/m l),将长骨骨髓经F icoll非连续密度梯度离心,收集中层的单个核细胞,加入诱导培养基并置于纤维连接素包被的培养板上进行诱导分化,观察细胞生长状况,以透射电镜及Ⅷ因子、CD31、Lectin免疫组化以及流式细胞仪方法对培养细胞进行鉴定。结果:细胞圆形、纺锤形单层融合贴壁生长;Ⅷ因子、CD31、Lectin免疫组化染色阳性;透射电镜显示细胞具有内皮特征性的W-P小体。结论:采用F icoll密度梯度离心可获得较高纯度的骨髓单个核细胞,经体外培养并诱导分化,具有血管内皮细胞的特征。     

2002-2006年江油市钩端螺旋体病监测分析

目的了解江油市2002-2006年钩端螺旋体(以下简称钩体)病疫情动态及健康人群对钩体的免疫水平,为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法按照全国钩体病监测方案,进行鼠密度、鼠带菌率和健康人群钩体抗体水平调查。结果平均鼠密度为5.10%,最高为9.55%。平均带菌率为0.73%,褐家鼠带菌率最高,为2.50%。健康人群血清钩体抗体以澳州群为主(37.88%)。结论江油市鼠密度,鼠带菌率较低。野鼠是稻田型钩体最重要的传染源,褐家鼠带菌值得重视。健康人群血清钩体抗体水平正在下降,钩体病监测力度应加强。     

脑动脉粥样硬化患者脂蛋白(a)与血脂相关指标的检测分析

目的 通过对脑动脉粥样硬化患者LP（a）与血脂相关指标的检测,探讨动脉粥样硬化与血脂分析之间的关系,以便为包括脑动脉粥样硬化在内的心脑血管疾病的早期预防、治疗效果及预后判断提供依据。方法 采用日立7020型全自动生化分析仪测定LP（a）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、载脂蛋白AⅠ（ApoAⅠ）、载脂蛋白B（ApoB）。结果 脑动脉粥样硬化患者的LP（a）、TC、TG、LDL-C均明显增高,与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;HDL-C水平则减低,与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论 LP（a）在动脉粥样硬化成因中被视为一项独立危险因子,高TC、高LDL-C、低HDL-C也是致动脉粥样硬化的重要因素。     

鸭乙型肝炎病毒的免疫学检测方法及区域分布差异

由于乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)只感染人和黑猩猩,缺少实验动物模型,所以乙型肝炎的发病机理和HBV在肝癌发生中的作用尚未完全清楚。而鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBV)与HBV同属于嗜肝DNA病毒家族的成员。这些病毒为直径42～47nm的球形颗粒,由相当于表面抗原成分的外壳和含核心抗原、DNA、DNA聚合酶的核心组成,对宿主有种属特异性,易引起宿主的慢性感