Co-occurring alcohol and cocaine dependence: recent findings from clinical and field studies

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium held at the 2003 annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism in Ft. Lauderdale, FL. The organizer and chair was Barbara A. Flannery, and the discussant was Raye Z. Litten. The presentations were (1) Examining treatment trajectories of alcohol and cocaine dependent patients, by Jon Morgenstern; (2) Outcomes of alcoholics with and without cocaine dependence in a continuing care study, by James R. McKay; (3) Characteristics of non-treatment seeking cocaine and alcohol dependent African Americans, by Barbara A. Flannery; and (4) Cocaine and alcohol use among sex workers in South Africa, by Wendee M. Wechsberg.     

A multilevel analysis of the relation of socioeconomic status to adolescent depressive symptoms: does school context matter?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the socioeconomic context of the school environment is associated with adolescent depressive symptoms independent of individual household income.Study design Data were drawn from a 1995 nationally representative study of 7th to 12th grade students. Multivariable linear regression at the school and individual levels assessed the relation between income and depressive symptoms. Multilevel modeling techniques were then used to understand how these factors are jointly associated with adolescent depressive symptoms. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents (n=13,235) in grades 7 through 12 from 132 schools whose parent provided income information. RESULTS: Linear regression analyses indicated that lower household income, average school income, and increasing school-level income inequality were significantly (P<.001) associated with depressive symptoms. Further examination of these relations through multilevel modeling indicated that both household income (P<.01) and average school income (P<.05) were significantly related to depressive symptoms after adjusting for covariates, with evidence for an interaction between the two. The impact of lower household income on depressive symptoms was approximately 2-fold greater for students attending a poor versus a rich school. CONCLUSIONS: School context is associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms, even after adjusting for individual-level factors. The school environment may partially buffer the adverse influence of lower household income on adolescent depressive symptoms.     

Impact of undergraduate and postgraduate rural training,and medical school entry criteria on rural practice among Australian general practitioners: national study of 2414 doctors

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between rural undergraduate training, rural postgraduate training and medical school entry criteria favouring rural students, on likelihood of working in rural Australian general practice. METHODS: National case-control study of 2414 rural and urban general practitioners (GPs) sampled from the Health Insurance Commission database. Participants completed a questionnaire providing information on demographics, current practice location and rural undergraduate and postgraduate experience. RESULTS: Rural GPs were more likely to report having had any rural undergraduate training [odds ratio (OR) 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32-1.95] than were urban GPs. Rural GPs were much more likely to report having had rural postgraduate training (OR 3.14, 95% CI 2.57-3.83). As the duration of rural postgraduate training increased so did the likelihood of working as a rural GP: those reporting that more than half their postgraduate training was rural were most likely to be rural GPs (OR 10.52, 95% CI 5.39-20.51). South Australians whose final high school year was rural were more likely to be rural GPs (OR 3.18, 95% CI 0.99-10.22). CONCLUSIONS: Undergraduate rural training, postgraduate training and medical school entry criteria favouring rural students, all are associated with an increased likelihood of being a rural GP. Longer rural postgraduate training is more strongly associated with rural practice. These findings argue for continuation of rural undergraduate training opportunities and rural entry schemes, and an expansion in postgraduate training opportunities for GPs.     

Bone mineral density and mortality in women and men: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study

PURPOSE: We sought to assess the long-term association of bone mineral density with total, cardiovascular, and non-cardiovascular mortality. METHODS: The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were obtained from a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized civilians. A cohort aged 45 through 74 years at baseline (1971-1975) was observed through 1992. Subjects were followed for a maximum of 22 years. Included in the analyses were 3501 white and black subjects. Death certificates were used to identify a total of 1530 deaths. RESULTS: Results were evaluated to determine the relative risk for death per 1 SD lower bone mineral density, after controlling for age at baseline, smoking status, alcohol consumption, history of diabetes, history of heart disease, education, body mass index, recreational physical activity, and blood pressure medication. Bone mineral density showed a significant inverse relationship to mortality in white men and blacks, but did not reach significance in white women. Based on 1 SD lower bone mineral density, the relative risk for white men was 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.26, p<.01), while for white women the relative risk was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.99-1.23, p=.07), and in blacks the relative risk was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.05-1.42, p<.01). Bone mineral density was also associated with non-cardiovascular mortality in all three race-gender groups. An association between bone mineral density and cardiovascular mortality was found only in white men. CONCLUSIONS: Bone mineral density is a significant predictor of death from all causes (white men, blacks), cardiovascular (white men only) and other causes combined, in whites and blacks.     

农村分散式供水水质的研究阶段性成果报告

目的：了解农村分散式供水水质情况，为实施农村改水提供科学依据。方法：按照《生活饮用水检验规范》（2001）检验方法对吴川市农村分散式供水水样进行分析检测。结果：2005年至2006年共检验了114份水样，合格27份，合格率23．68％。其中大口井（浅层地下水）水样28份，合格4份，合格率14．28％。深井水样49份，合格18份，合格率36．73％。手压泵井水样27份，合格5份，合格率18．52％。其它水样10份，全部不合格。结论：吴川市分散式供水水质合格率低，主要为偏酸性和水质铁、锰超标问题。     

针刺少泽治疗产后乳汁分泌不足：多中心随机对照研究

目的:探讨少泽穴治疗乳汁分泌不足的作用。方法:采用多中心、随机、对照、单盲临床试验,将276例患者分为治疗组(138例)和对照组(138例)。治疗组采用电针少泽穴,对照组采用电针商阳穴,治疗2个疗程后,评价两组疗效及中医症候积分、乳房充盈程度、泌乳量、催乳素(PRL)的变化。结果:治疗组愈显率为97·8%,对照组为24·3%,两组相比,P<0·05;治疗组在改善患者症候积分、乳房充盈程度、提高泌乳量、升高产妇PRL水平等方面均优于对照组(P<0·01)。结论:针刺少泽穴治疗乳汁分泌不足疗效显著,值得临床推广应用。     

放射工作人员淋巴细胞微核异常影响因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨广州市放射工作人员淋巴细胞微核异常的发生率及其影响因素。方法 采用1：1配对病例对照研究,将2014年1月1日~12月31日,在某中心进行职业健康检查的1050名放射工作人员中淋巴细胞微核率≥ 6‰者,共24例作为病例组,按同单位、同性别、年龄相差±5岁进行配对,淋巴细胞微核率正常的放射工作人员,共24例作为对照组。根据《放射工作人员职业健康检查表》收集研究对象的一般基线情况、电离辐射接触情况、混杂因素的接触情况及体检项目指标,使用单因素和多因素条件logistic回归分析方法分析淋巴细胞微核异常的影响因素。结果 广州市放射工作人员淋巴细胞微核异常发生率为2.29%,单因素和多因素条件logistic回归有统计学意义的变量为吸烟/被动吸烟情况（OR=3.667）。结论 广州市放射工作人员淋巴细胞微核异常情况属正常,其中吸烟/被动吸烟情况是淋巴细胞微核率异常的可能危险因素。     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤98例临床特征分析

背景：原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤临床表现隐匿,不易早期发现,误诊率高。目的：总结原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床特征,探讨其诊断线索。方法：回顾性分析大连医科大学附属第一医院2002年1月～2008年6月收治的98例经病理检查证实的原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果：本组患者临床表现主要为上腹痛、梗阻性黄疸、贫血、肠梗阻、消瘦、上消化道出血。内镜检查确诊率为86.6%,内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）对乳头区癌的确诊率为100%,上消化道钡餐检查、CT、MRI的病变检出率分别为81.6%、74.2%和89.7%。病变部位以十二指肠降部多见（69.4%）;病理类型以腺癌为主（80.6%）,其次为间质瘤（10.2%）。结论：对于无规律的上腹痛、无胆石和胰头病变的黄疸、不明原因的贫血或上消化道梗阻,应考虑原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的可能。合理选择内镜结合影像学检查可提高诊断率。     

67例小肠克罗恩病的临床分析

背景：克罗恩病（CD）好发于末端回肠和回盲部,临床表现多种多样,但检查手段有限。目的：探讨小肠CD的临床特点和诊治情况。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月～2007年12月南京鼓楼医院收治的小肠CD患者的临床资料。结果：共纳入67例小肠CD患者,男女之比为4．15：1,诊断年龄13—79岁．其中20—29岁和50—59岁为两个发病高峰。临床症状主要表现为黑便或血便或脓血便43例（64．2％）、腹痛36例（53．7％）、贫血27例（40．3％）、腹泻26例（38．8％）。最常见的并发症为肠梗阻,穿孔少见。结肠镜下可见节段性病变、黏膜充血水肿、铺路石样改变等：胶囊内镜下表现为多发不规则溃疡、线样溃疡、阿弗他溃疡;手术病理活检示全壁性炎症、深裂隙状纵行溃疡、结节样肉芽肿。病变多位于末端回肠和（或）回盲部（49.3％）。接受胶囊内镜和结肠镜检查者经内科治疗后症状得到控制。14例患者因消化道出血、肠梗阻、穿孔而行手术治疗。结论：小肠CD的诊断较困难,可首选结肠镜检查。若无完全性肠梗阻可行胶囊内镜检查。与结肠镜和小肠造影检查相比．胶囊内镜对于早期小肠CD的诊断和患者病情的评估有一定优势,可推迟部分患者的第一次手术时间。     

Take‐home naloxone and the politics of care

‘Take‐home naloxone’ refers to a life‐saving intervention in which a drug (naloxone) is made available to nonmedically trained people for administration to other people experiencing an opioid overdose. In Australia, it has not been taken up as widely as would be expected, given its life‐saving potential. We consider the actions of take‐home naloxone, focusing on how care relations shape its uses and effects. Mobilising Science and Technology Studies insights, we suggest that the uses and effects of naloxone are co‐produced within social relations and, therefore, this initiative ‘affords’ multiple outcomes. We argue that these affordances are shaped by a politics of care, and that these politics relate to uptake. We analyse two complementary case studies, drawn from an interview‐based project, in which opioid consumers discussed take‐home naloxone and its uses. Our analysis maps the ways take‐home naloxone can afford (i) a regime of care within an intimate partnership (allowing a terminally ill man to more safely consume opioids) and (ii) a political process of care (in which a consumer takes care of others treated with the medication by administering it ‘gently’). We conclude by exploring the political affordances of a politics of care approach for the uptake of take‐home naloxone.