衰弱老年人非药物干预的研究进展

衰弱是一种常见的老年综合征,严重影响老年人的生活质量和健康结局。然而,衰弱是可逆的过程,通过有效干预可延缓或改善衰弱的发展。目前,非药物干预是衰弱最重要的干预手段。该文通过综述近年来衰弱运动干预、营养干预、多因素综合干预及其他干预方法的国内外研究进展,为进一步开展衰弱老年人管理提供借鉴,并总结衰弱老年人非药物干预的效果评价指标,为开展相关研究,探索有效的衰弱老年人非药物干预方法提供依据。     

骨科专科护士岗位管理现状的调查

目的 调查国内骨科专科护士岗位管理现状,为制订专科护士管理制度提供参考和依据。方法 自制问卷,便利抽取国内28个省份的560名骨科专科护士,调查其岗位管理现状及满意度。 结果 在专科护士管理制度方面,49.29%的调查对象所在医院专门设立专科护士管理制度,20.89%的医院专科护士管理制度不透明,各医院在岗位聘用要求、直接管理部分、聘期、专项绩效考核指标、专项激励政策等管理细则上各不相同;在岗位实践方面,74.64%的调查对象培训后岗位未发生变化,仍以临床护理实践为主要工作,骨科高级护理实践活动开展有限;56.96%的调查对象对岗位管理现况表示满意或非常满意,9.46%的调查对象有离职意愿,但大多数（72.86%）调查对象对骨科专科护士的发展前景有信心。 结论 骨科专科护士岗位管理满意度处于中等水平,其岗位管理工作已经起步,高级护理实践活动逐步开展,骨科专科护士队伍职业承诺度高,发展前景较好。未来还需要国家、医院、个人三方共同努力,建立完善、科学、合理的专科护士岗位管理制度,促进骨科专科护士的合理使用。     

不同地区助产士共情疲劳现状及其影响因素的研究

目的 调查中国东部、中部、西部地区不同级别医院助产士共情疲劳现状并分析其影响因素。 方法 采用随机抽样法抽取中国东部、中部、西部地区中的12个省份,便利抽取52所不同级别医院,并采用目的抽样法根据纳入排除标准抽取助产士作为研究对象,采用一般资料问卷、共情疲劳量表及社会支持评定量表进行横断面调查,通过多水平统计模型分析助产士共情疲劳的影响因素。 结果 共回收489份问卷,有效问卷477份,有效回收率为97.8%。调查对象共情疲劳各维度得分为共情满意（31.64±6.47）分、职业倦怠（27.87±5.01）分、继发性创伤应激（26.21±5.70）分,其中82.6%的助产士为中度及以上共情疲劳,社会支持水平总得分（37.93±6.44）分,多水平Logistic回归分析结果显示,医院级别、子女情况、地区、是否喜欢工作氛围、经历分娩创伤事件次数、睡眠质量、社会支持程度对助产士共情疲劳程度有影响（P<0.05）。 结论 助产士的共情疲劳程度较重,社会支持水平低、睡眠质量差、工作氛围不和谐、离异或有婴幼儿的助产士共情疲劳程度较严重,西部地区及二级、三级医院助产士共情疲劳程度较重,护理管理者应根据其影响因素,采取有效措施,降低助产士共情疲劳发生率和程度。     

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of septic arthritis of the hip, 2006 to 2012, a seven-year review

OBJECTIVE:

To epidemiologically characterize the population treated at our orthopedic clinic with a diagnosis of septic arthritic of the hip between 2006 and 2012.

METHODS:

Fifteen patients diagnosed with septic arthritis of the hip between 2006 and 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients'' clinical and epidemiological characteristics were surveyed; a sensitivity profile relating to the microorganisms that caused the infections and the complications relating to the patients'' treatment and evolution were identified.

RESULTS:

Septic arthritis was more common among males. Most diagnoses were made through positive synovial fluid cultures, after joint drainage was performed using the Smith-Petersen route. Among the comorbidities found, the most prevalent were systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The pathological joint conditions diagnosed prior to joint infection were osteoarthrosis and developmental dysplasia of the hip. The infectious agent most frequently isolated was Staphylococcus aureus. From the clinical and laboratory data investigated, 53.33% of the cases presented with fever, and all except one patient presented with increased measures in inflammation tests. Gram staining was positive in only 26.66% of the synovial fluid samples analyzed. Six patients presented with joint complications after treatment was administered.

CONCLUSION:

S. aureus is the most common pathogen in acute infections of the hip in our setting. Factors such as clinical comorbidities are associated with septic arthritis of the hip. Because of the relatively small number of patients, given that this is a condition of low prevalence, there was no statistically significant correlation in relation to worse prognosis for the disease.     

The accuracy of diagnostic tests for adenoid hypertrophy: A systematic review

BackgroundAdenoid hypertrophy may cause sleep-disordered breathing and altered craniofacial growth. The authors conducted a study to gauge the accuracy of alternative tests compared with nasoendoscopy (reference standard) for screening adenoid hypertrophy.MethodsThe authors conducted a systematic review that included searches of electronic databases, hand searches of bibliographies of relevant articles and gray literature searches. They included all articles in which an alternative test was compared with nasoendoscopy in children with suspected nasal or nasopharyngeal airway obstruction.ResultsThe authors identified seven articles that were of poor to good quality. They identified the following alternative tests: multirow detector computed tomography (sensitivity, 92 percent; specificity, 97 percent), videofluoroscopy (sensitivity, 100 percent; specificity, 90 percent), rhinomanometry with decongestant (sensitivity, 83 percent; specificity, 83 percent) and clinical examination (sensitivity, 22 percent; specificity, 88 percent). Lateral cephalograms tended to have good to fair sensitivity (typically 61-75 percent) and poor specificity (41-55 percent) when adenoid size was evaluated but excellent to good specificity when airway patency was evaluated (68-96 percent).ConclusionsNo ideal tool exists for dentists to screen adenoid hypertrophy, owing to access constraints, radiation concerns and suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. Research is needed to identify a low-risk, easily acceptable, highly valid diagnostic screening tool.Practical ImplicationsAlthough lateral cephalograms (which have good to fair sensitivity) and a thorough medical history (which has good specificity) are imperfect individually, when they are used together, they can compensate for each other's weaknesses. This combined approach is the best tool available to dentists for screening adenoid hypertrophy.     

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor-Related Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Accuracy Verification of Operational Definition

BackgroundThe most important aspect of a retrospective cohort study is the operational definition (OP) of the disease. We developed a detailed OP for the detection of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) related to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The OP was systemically verified and analyzed.MethodsAll patients prescribed SGLT2i at four university hospitals were enrolled in this experiment. A DKA diagnostic algorithm was created and distributed to each hospital; subsequently, the number of SGLT2i-related DKAs was confirmed. Then, the algorithm functionality was verified through manual chart reviews by an endocrinologist using the same OP.ResultsA total of 8,958 patients were initially prescribed SGLT2i. According to the algorithm, 0.18% (16/8,958) were confirmed to have SGLT2i-related DKA. However, based on manual chart reviews of these 16 cases, there was only one case of SGLT2i-related DKA (positive predictive value = 6.3%). Even after repeatedly narrowing the diagnosis range of the algorithm, the effect of a positive predictive value was insignificant (6.3–10.0%, P > 0.999).ConclusionOwing to the nature of electronic medical record data, we could not create an algorithm that clearly differentiates SGLT2i-related DKA despite repeated attempts. In all retrospective studies, a portion of the samples should be randomly selected to confirm the accuracy of the OP through chart review. In retrospective cohort studies in which chart review is not possible, it will be difficult to guarantee the reliability of the results.     

负重位负重位数字化摄影对膝前内侧骨关节炎的影像诊断价值

[目的]探讨负重位数字化摄影技术(DR)对内侧骨关节炎的影像诊断价值.[方法]回顾性分析本院骨病科行单髁关节置换术的80例患者共计94膝的术前负重位DR片资料,以术中诊断对胫骨平台软骨的磨损程度为参考分为两组,轻度组的胫骨平台软骨磨损范围局限于内侧前1/2;重度组的胫骨平台软骨磨损范围超出内侧前1/2.通过负重位DR片测量内侧关节间隙及关节面夹角数据,分析其与术中诊断的关系.[结果]重度组关节间隙比值明显低于轻度组,关节面夹角明显高于轻度组,其差异具均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);关节间隙比值与胫骨平台软骨磨损程度呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),关节面夹角与胫骨平台软骨磨损程度呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).[结论]负重位DR对术前膝前内侧骨关节炎诊断准确性良好,对手术治疗具有一定指导意义.     

MRI 对一过性髌骨外侧脱位的诊断价值

【目的】探讨一过性髌骨外侧脱位(TLPD)患者的 MRI 影像特征。【方法】回顾性分析本院收治的56例 TLPD 患者的临床 MRI 资料,对有无骨或软骨损伤、关节内游离体、内侧髌股韧带损伤、关节积液、髌骨半脱位和外倾、解剖异常等进行判断分析,并结合临床资料、X 线片及关节镜图像分析,总结该类患者影像学特征。【结果】初次就诊时被误诊、漏诊有26例(46.4%)。MRI 显示56例(100%)患者均存在“对吻征”所致不同程度的骨软骨损伤,其中股骨外髁外侧前缘有10例(17.9%)软骨骨折,骨软骨骨折6例(10.8%);髌骨下极内侧缘有16例(28.6%)软骨骨折,10例(17.9%)骨软骨骨折。关节内游离体20例(35.7%);50例(89.3%)有不同程度的内侧髌股韧带损伤和关节积液;髌骨半脱位和外倾36例(64.3%);56例患者中存在股骨滑车发育不良者 16例(28.6%),高位髌骨者14例(25.0%),TT-TG>20 mm 者6例(10.7%)。【结论】TLPD 患者误诊、漏诊率较高,MRI 能准确地显示各解剖结构的损伤及程度,有助于明确诊断,应作为该病的首选检查方法。     

溃疡性结肠炎伴不全肠梗阻并严重感染的诊治分析

【目的】探讨溃疡性结肠炎(UC)伴不全肠梗阻并发严重感染的诊治方法。【方法】回顾性分析本院近期收治的一例 UC 伴不全肠梗阻并发严重感染患者的临床资料,三次入住本院消化内科症状无明显改善后转入本科室治疗,拟逐步停用激素及免疫抑制剂后行探查手术,同时予以肠内外营养支持治疗,三个月后行腹腔镜结肠肝曲癌根治+左半结肠切除术。【结果】患者腹泻症状较术前明显缓解,未再诉腹痛、腹胀;体温恢复正常;肛瘘病情好转;术后病检结果为 UC 伴结肠肝曲癌变。【结论】UC 患者在使用激素、抗免疫治疗时出现不全肠梗阻应早期预防性给予抗感染治疗,避免出现爆发感染,疗效不佳时应尽早手术治疗;对于病程长的 UC 患者出现类似克隆恩病肠壁增厚不全肠梗阻时应早期手术,谨防癌变。     

心率变异性、血压变异性与高血压患者血管损伤的相关性分析

[目的]探讨原发性高血压患者的心率变异性、血压变异性与血管损伤的相关性.[方法]回顾性分析2013年6月至2016年6月本院收治的405例原发性高血压患者的临床资料,根据患者臂踝脉波传播速度(baP-WV)将其分为baPWV正常组(baPWV＜14m/s,n=267)和baPWV升高组(baPWV≥14m/s,n=138).监测所有患者24 h动态心电图,应用时域及频域分析患者的心率变异性,监测所有患者动态血压,比较两组患者的心率变异性、血压变异性的相关指标,分析其与血管损伤的相关性.[结果]baPWV正常组患者的每5 min心搏RR间期均值的标准差(SDANN)高于baPWV升高组患者,低频(LF)、高频(HF)、低频/高频比较(LF/HF)、夜间/白天心率比值(nHR/dHR)低于baPWV升高组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).baPWV正常组患者的24h平均脉压(24hPP)、24 h平均收缩压(24hSBP)、白天平均收缩压(dSBP)、白天平均压(dPP)、夜间平均收缩压(nSBP)、24 h收缩压标准差(24hSSD)均低于baPWV升高组患者,夜间收缩压下降率(SBPF)高于baPWV升高组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).LF、LF/HF、nHR/dHR、24hPP和24hSSD与baPWV表现为显著正相关(P＜0.05).[结论]原发性高血压患者的LF、LF/HF、nHR/dHR、24hPP和24hSSD与baPWV表现为显著正相关,说明心率变异性、血压变异性与原发性高血压患者血管损伤显著相关.