Nomogram for Prediction of Prostate Cancer with Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Less than 10 ng/mL

Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a very useful screening tool, prostate biopsy is still necessary to confirm prostate cancer (PCA). However, it is reported that PSA is associated with a high false-positive rate and prostate biopsy also has various procedure-related complications. Therefore, the authors have devised a nomogram, which can be used to estimate the risk of PCA, using available clinical data for men with a serum PSA less than 10 ng/mL. Prostate biopsies were obtained from 2,139 patients from January 1998 to March 2011. Of them, 1,171 patients with a serum PSA less than 10 ng/mL were only included in this study. Patient age, PSA, free PSA, prostate volume, PSA density and percent free PSA ratio were analyzed. Among 1,171 patients, 255 patients (21.8%) were diagnosed as PCA. Multivariate analyses showed that patient age, prostate volume, PSA and percent free PSA had statistically significant relationships with PCA (P < 0.05) and were used as nomogram predictor variables. The area under the (ROC) curve for all factors in a model predicting PCA was 0.759 (95% CI, 0.716-0.803).

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Efficacy of SpyGlass~(TM)-directed biopsy compared to brush cytology in obtaining adequate tissue for diagnosis in patients with biliary strictures

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic yield(inflammatory activity) and efficiency(size of the biopsy specimen) of SpyGlassTM-guided biopsy vs standard brush cytology in patients with and without primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC).METHODS: At the University Medical Center Mainz, Germany, 35 consecutive patients with unclear biliarylesions(16 patients) or long-standing PSC(19 patients) were screened for the study. All patients underwent a physical examination, lab analyses, and abdominal ultrasound. Thirty-one patients with non-PSC strictures or with PSC were scheduled to undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiography(ERC) and subsequent per-oral cholangioscopy(POC). Standard ERC was initially performed, and any lesions or strictures were localized. POC was performed later during the same session. The Boston Scientific SpyGlass SystemTM(Natick, MA, United States) was used for choledochoscopy. The biliary tree was visualized, and suspected lesions or strictures were biopsied, followed by brush cytology of the same area. The study endpoints(for both techniques) were the degree of inflammation, tissue specimen size, and the patient populations(PSC vs non-PSC). Inflammatory changes were divided into three categories: none, low activity, and high activity. The specimen quantity was rated as low, moderate, or sufficient.RESULTS: SpyGlassTM imaging and brush cytology with material retrieval were performed in 29 of 31(93.5%) patients(23 of the 29 patients were male). The median patient age was 45 years(min, 20 years; max, 76 years). Nineteen patients had known PSC, and 10 showed non-PSC strictures. No procedure-related complications were encountered. However, for both methods, tissues could only be retrieved from 29 pa-tients. In cases of inflammation of the biliary tract, the diagnostic yield of the SpyGlassTM-directed biopsies was greater than that using brush cytology. More tissue material was obtained for the biopsy method than for the brush cytology method(P = 0.021). The biopsies showed significantly more inflammatory characteristics and greater inflammatory activity compared to the cy-tological investigation(P = 0.014). The greater quantity of tissue samples proved useful for both PSC and non-PSC patients.CONCLUSION: SpyGlassTM imaging can be recom-mended for proper inflammatory diagnosis in PSC pa-tients. However, its value in diagnosing dysplasia wasnot addressed in this study and requires further investi-gation.     

经皮胸穿活检的临床应用及并发症探讨

目的探讨在CT引导下应用半自动同轴活检枪对胸部占位性病变经皮穿刺活检的临床可行性及安全性。方法56例胸部占位性病变的患者,采用半自动同轴活检枪在CT引导下行经皮穿刺活检术并送病理检查,统计穿刺活检的成功率及病理检查结果;术后行CT扫描,统计穿刺活检的并发症及穿刺活检的安全性。结果半自动同轴活检枪穿刺活检的成功率为92.9%(52/56);病理检查结果:穿刺成功的52例患者中,腺癌18例、鳞癌10例、小细胞癌9例、淋巴瘤2例、胸腺瘤2例、转移癌8例、真菌感染1例、肉芽肿性炎2例;穿刺活检的并发症:合并出血和或咯血的发生率32%(18/56)、气胸发生率19.6%(11/56)、死亡率1.8%(1/56);未发生穿刺点感染、针道种植转移等其他并发症。结论半自动同轴活检枪在CT引导下对胸部占位性病变经皮穿刺活检术是一种创伤小、相对安全、确诊率高的诊断方法,可在胸部占位性疾病临床诊断中广泛推广应用。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术临床应用分析

目的探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术(CT-GPLB)临床应用价值。方法选取2017年1月至2019年1月我院收治的肺部占位性病变患者200例为研究对象,给予CT-GPLB检查,观察穿刺的成功率及并病变诊断的准确率,记录并发症发生情况。结果 200例患者均穿刺成功,其中190例仅行1次穿刺就成功取出活检样本,10例患者行2次穿刺才成功取出活检样本;200例患者中140例患者确诊为恶性肿瘤,47例为良性病变,未能明确诊断13例,穿刺物为糜烂组织。确诊率为93.50%(187/200),恶性肿瘤确诊率70.00%(140/200);其中发生针道出血39例,气胸24例,未出现呼吸困难者。结论对存在肺部占位性病变患者给予CT-GPLB诊断,诊断结果较为精准,安全性较高,创伤小,操作简单,值得在临床上推广应用。     

经内科胸腔镜胸膜病变活检对结核性胸膜炎的诊断价值

目的 评价经内科胸腔镜胸膜病变活检对结核性胸膜炎的诊断价值及安全性。方法 2015年6月至2018年10月,首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院、首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院、北京积水潭医院、卫生部北京医院等4家临床中心采用前瞻性多中心诊断试验方法,对参照入组标准顺序纳入的229例不明原因胸腔积液的入院患者行内科胸腔镜检查,并对活检留取胸膜病变组织标本行结核分枝杆菌GeneXpert MTB/RIF(简称“GeneXpert”)和BACTEC MGIT 960培养(简称“MGIT 960”)及常规病原学检测和病理学检查。结果 229例患者经内科胸腔镜取胸膜活检组织行病理学和病原学检查结果显示,临床不能明确诊断者23例(10.0%),确诊者为206例(90.0%),其中129例(56.3%)确诊为结核性胸膜炎,77例(33.6%)诊断为其他原因所致的胸腔积液。胸膜活检组织经GeneXpert或MGIT 960检测结核感染的阳性率[分别为27.9%(64/229)和17.0%(39/229)]与病理学检测阳性率[(23.1%,53/229)]比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.32,P=0.251;χ²=2.67,P=0.103);但GeneXpert+MGIT 960联合检测的阳性率[32.8%(75/229)]明显高于传统病理学检测(χ²=5.25,P=0.022)。结核性胸膜炎患者的胸腔镜镜下特征性表现在纤维粘连带[70.5%(91/129)]、弥漫性粟粒结节状病灶[41.1%(53/129)]、纤维素沉积[40.3%(52/129)]等方面均明显高于其他原因胸腔积液者[分别为32.5%(25/77)、6.5%(5/77)、15.6%(12/77)],但散在多发结节状病灶[26.4%(34/129)]明显低于其他原因胸腔积液者[53.2%(41/77)](χ²=28.41、28.52、24.42、15.06,P值均=0.000)。229例患者胸腔镜术后均未出现严重不良事件,224例(97.8%)有轻中度胸痛,口服止痛药2~3 d后可缓解;134例(58.5%)活检部位有少量出血,107(46.7%)例局部皮下气肿,均未给予特殊处理,拔管后2~3 d内吸收;仅2例患者术后出现脓胸,引流管留置14 d后行胸腔镜胸膜剥离术,随访6个月后均安全拔管。结论 内科胸腔镜镜下表现、胸膜病变活检组织标本病理和病原学检测均有助于结核性胸膜炎的诊断,而且安全性高,建议临床大力推广应用。     

十二指肠隆起型病变的超声内镜及病理特点

目的 探讨十二指肠隆起型病变的内镜及组织学特征,加强对十二指肠隆起型病变的认识,提高诊断能力.方法 对南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院内镜中心2005年至2010年检出的869例十二指肠隆起病变的内镜表现和病理特点进行回顾性研究.结果 869例隆起病变中,正常组织误诊为病变的有50例(5.8％).819例真性隆起型病变中,良性781例(95.4％),恶性38例(4.6％).病理结果以慢性炎性良性病变最多见,为338例,占总数的41.3％,其次为Brunner腺增生155例,占总数的18.9％.恶性病变中腺癌多见,为25例,占总数的3％,另有6例类癌、6例恶性淋巴瘤和1例胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤.十二指肠隆起型病变在内镜下表现多样,有圆形、半球形、指状、分叶状、条索状等,病变大小不一,最大为5 cm,以无蒂者(726例,88.6％)多见.超声内镜提示良性病变内部回声均匀,各层结构清楚,恶性病变内部回声不均匀,层次不清,可见侵犯周围组织或淋巴结等.结论 十二指肠隆起型病变单靠内镜表现不能明确诊断,超声内镜可有助于提高诊断率,但确诊仍需病理检查.     

嗜酸性粒细胞性胃肠炎32例临床诊治分析

目的 分析嗜酸性粒细胞性胃肠炎(eosinophilic gastroenteritis,EG)的临床特点、内镜下表现、病理特点及诊治要点,以提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析湖北医药学院附属太和医院消化内科2001年1月～2011年5月收治的32例EG患者临床资料,对病史、临床表现、实验室结果、内镜结果及治疗情况汇总分析.结果 32例患者黏膜型25例,浆膜型6例,黏膜-肌层混合型1例;患者多以腹痛为首发症状(84.38％);外周血和骨髓嗜酸粒细胞(ensinophils,EOS)计数明显增高(14.2％ ～49.5％ vs 12.5％ ～42.5％);镜下表现为黏膜充血水肿、糜烂、红斑,病变多分布在胃窦部、十二指肠和结肠;活检和腹水检测有大量EOS浸润;糖皮质激素治疗后患者症状缓解,复发用药亦有效.结论 EG多以腹痛起病,胃窦部、十二指肠、结肠为常见病变部位,内镜活检和腹水中见EOS浸润有助于明确诊断,糖皮质激素疗效好.     

Serum Isoform [−2]proPSA Derivatives Significantly Improve Prediction of Prostate Cancer at Initial Biopsy in a Total PSA Range of 2–10 ng/ml: A Multicentric European Study

Background

Strategies to reduce prostate-specific antigen (PSA)–driven prostate cancer (PCa) overdiagnosis and overtreatment seem to be necessary.

Objective

To test the accuracy of serum isoform [−2]proPSA (p2PSA) and its derivatives, percentage of p2PSA to free PSA (fPSA; %p2PSA) and the Prostate Health Index (PHI)—called index tests—in discriminating between patients with and without PCa.

Design, setting, and participants

This was an observational, prospective cohort study of patients from five European urologic centers with a total PSA (tPSA) range of 2–10 ng/ml who were subjected to initial prostate biopsy for suspected PCa.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The primary end point was to evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, and diagnostic accuracy of index tests in determining the presence of PCa at prostate biopsy in comparison to tPSA, fPSA, and percentage of fPSA to tPSA (%fPSA) (standard tests) and the number of prostate biopsies that could be spared using these tests. Multivariable logistic regression models were complemented by predictive accuracy analysis and decision curve analysis.

Results and limitations

Of >646 patients, PCa was diagnosed in 264 (40.1%). Median tPSA (5.7 vs 5.8 ng/ml; p = 0.942) and p2PSA (15.0 vs 14.7 pg/ml) did not differ between groups; conversely, median fPSA (0.7 vs 1 ng/ml; p < 0.001), %fPSA (0.14 vs 0.17; p < 0.001), %p2PSA (2.1 vs 1.6; p < 0.001), and PHI (48.2 vs 38; p < 0.001) did differ significantly between men with and without PCa. In multivariable logistic regression models, p2PSA, %p2PSA, and PHI significantly increased the accuracy of the base multivariable model by 6.4%, 5.6%, and 6.4%, respectively (all p < 0.001). At a PHI cut-off of 27.6, a total of 100 (15.5%) biopsies could have been avoided. The main limitation is that cases were selected on the basis of their initial tPSA values.

Conclusions

In patients with a tPSA range of 2–10 ng/ml, %p2PSA and PHI are the strongest predictors of PCa at initial biopsy and are significantly more accurate than tPSA and %fPSA.

Trial registration

The study is registered at http://www.controlled-trials.com, ref. ISRCTN04707454.