Effect of level of circular myotomy on oesophageal function in a piglet model

Oesophageal continuity is often difficult to obtain in long-gap oesophageal atresia, and a circular myotomy may be required to achieve oesophageal anastomosis. This study compared the effects of upper and lower segmental circular myotomy on oesophageal stricture formation, oesophageal motility, and the development of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in a piglet model. Group I underwent mid-oesophageal resection with upper segment myotomy (14); group II mid-oesophageal resection with lower segment myotomy (8); and group III oesophageal transection and anastomosis without resection (6). Normal motility data were obtained from 8 unmanipulated piglets. The incidence of stricture formation was high in all operated groups. Pseudodiverticula developed in all piglets after proximal myotomy, but not after transection or distal myotomy. Lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and mean amplitude of upper oesophageal contractions were similar after operation in all groups and in controls. GOR (number of reflux episodes/24 h, number of episodes of reflux lasting more than 5 min, and fraction of time pH less than 4.0) was worse after operation compared to controls. Within each group most manometric parameters and GOR worsened with time. We found no evidence that the level of circular myotomy (upper or lower) resulted in any significant difference in stricture rate, oesophageal motility, or severity of GOR. Given the difficulty of performing an upper myotomy in long-gap atresia, where the upper segment is often very short and pseudodiverticulum formation is common, a lower-segment circular myotomy would appear to be a reasonable alternative.     

胸腔镜治疗食管闭锁的术后并发症发生率的Meta分析

目的 运用Meta分析对胸腔镜治疗食管闭锁术后并发症的发生率进行综合评价.方法 收集近十年国内外胸腔镜治疗食管闭锁术后患儿共407例,检索万方数据库、中国知网、医知网、PubMed数据库,收集所有胸腔镜治疗食管闭锁的相关文献,根据文献纳入和排除标准从中筛选出有记录术后并发症病例数的研究,运用R3.1.2软件中Meta程序包meta进行率的Meta分析,采用Freeman.Tukey双反正弦变换法进行率的合并计算.先进行异质性检验,结果若为P＞0.05,说明纳入文献间是同质性,采用固定效应模型,反之说明文献间是异质性,采用随机效应模型.然后采用秩相关检验法对估计研究的个数进行发表偏倚评估.P≤0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 共入选相关文献14篇,累计胸腔镜治疗食管闭锁术后患儿407例,合并的并发症发生率为49％(95％CI:37％～61％).其中发生率最高的并发症为吻合口狭窄和吻合口漏.吻合口狭窄的发生率为17％(95％CI:11％～26％),吻合口漏的发生率为11％ (95 ％CI:8％～15％).结论 Meta分析作为一种新的文献研究分析方法,能系统、客观地对多个研究结果进行综合评价和定量分析,可提高检验统计效能.     

Drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis: characterization of different pathomechanisms

The pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis in rats was studied using isolated perfused livers as an experimental model. Three basic mechanisms were differentiated: 1. Permeabilization of the bilio-sinusoidal barrier associated with electron microscopic alterations of the tight junctional complexes was found in livers of rats treated with -naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT, 250 mg/kg body weight). Consequences of these alterations were: reflux of bile constituents such as taurocholate and sulfobromophthalein and increased access to the biliary space of paracellular markers such as inulin and sucrose. The clear-cut mechanism of ANIT cholestasis was used to distinguish other mechanisms of intrahepatic cholestasis. 2. Inhibition of the basic process of fluid secretion was found to be the primary event in the development of cholestasis induced by estrogens. After 5 days of treating rats with ethinyl estradiol (5 mg/kg/day), bile flow was diminished in isolated livers while the permeability of the biliary tract to sucrose and inulin was not affected. Accordingly, the maximal concentration of taurocholate in bile was increased, indicating that its secretion was sustained. The same effect was observed after 1 week of treatment with the depot estrogen estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg/week). After 3 weeks of treatment, however, the taurocholate concentration in bile was lowered and the clearance of sucrose was increased. Bile flow remained at the same cholestatic level for 20 weeks. These results suggest that estrogens have the potency to increase tight junctional permeability only in a second step in the development of cholestasis, following the inhibition of bile flow. 3. An additional mode of secretory inhibition was induced by lowering the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the perfusate of isolated liver. Using ANIT-pretreated livers, i. e., livers with very low capacity to secrete foreign dyes, a high rate of efflux of sulfobromophthalein into the perfusate of preloaded livers suggests stimulation of the efflux of cholephilic solutes across the sinusoidal membrane of liver cells.The results demonstrate that the term intrahepatic cholestasis comprises a number of different sites of interference with the complex process of bile secretion.Dedicated to Professor Dr. med. Herbert Remmer on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗老年胆胰疾病

目的观察治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术在老年胆胰疾病患者中的疗效及并发症,以供临床参考。方法选择笔者所在医院2009年5月～2012年4月收治的老年胆胰疾病患者116例,均行内镜下胰胆管造影术治疗,观察临床治疗效果和术后并发症,并探讨防治措施。结果全部患者中行治疗性内镜下胰胆管造影术成功105例,转为开放手术11例,内镜下胰胆管造影术成功率为90.52%。术后发生急性胰腺炎5例、出血2例、穿孔1例、造影剂反应8例、腹泻3例、急性胆管炎2例、呼吸抑制1例,并发症发生率为18.97%,经对症处理后均痊愈或好转,未发生一例患者死亡。结论治疗性内镜下胰胆管造影术对老年胆胰疾病可起到良好的疗效,加强观察和防治,可减少并发症及其严重后果,在临床应用时应予以重视。     

150例胆囊结石胆胰合并症的诱发因素探讨

目的 探讨胆囊结石胆胰合并症的诱发因素.方法 2010年1月至2012年1月诊治的胆囊结石并发胆胰合并症患者150例进行临床资料调查,了解胆胰合并症诱发因素.结果 年龄＞50岁,病程＞10年,发病次数＞5次,结石直径＜1 cm、＞2 cm,胆囊管直径＞0.3 cm,伴发高脂血症等均为胆囊结石并发胆胰合并症高危因素,经统计学分析,对胆囊结石并发胆胰合并症各高危因素项进行比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 胆囊结石是常见病、多发病,在我国胆囊结石患病率达10%以上,近年来随着人们生活方式和饮食结构变化,使得胆囊结石发病率呈逐年增高趋势,年龄>50岁、病程较长胆囊结石患者随着年龄增加,机体的调节能力、代偿能力和修复功能下降,长时间的结石与胆囊内进行局部刺激、发生慢性炎症,当机体受到外界环境和内环境变化时可以发生胆胰合并症.     

胆道闭锁肝纤维化研究进展

胆道闭锁（BA）是严重危及婴幼儿生命健康的消化系统疾病之一,晚期肝脏纤维化是导致患儿死亡的主要原因。在胆道闭锁发病过程中,病毒感染可诱导一系列免疫和炎症反应,导致调节性T细胞（Treg细胞）减少,CD14表达增高,多种炎症通路以及转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）/Smad2/3促纤维化通路被激活。激活的通路产生大量炎性介质损伤肝细胞和胆管细胞,释放各种促炎因子、氧代谢产物和细胞因子,进一步加重肝、胆系统损伤造成肝细胞内环境失衡,失衡的内环境伴随肝实质细胞、肝巨噬细胞、肝内聚集的炎性细胞等发生适应性变性、坏死、增生,导致肝星形细胞（HSCs）激活,HSCs转化为成纤维细胞,促进肝纤维化进程。免疫、炎症损伤、促纤维化通路是导致胆道闭锁肝纤维化肝硬化的三大重要因素。     

A Case of Distal Vaginal Agenesis Presenting with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection and Pyuria in a Prepubertal Girl

Background

Isolated distal vaginal agenesis is a rare anomaly and mostly becomes symptomatic after menarche. We describe an unusual presentation of this anomaly in a prepubertal girl.

胆道闭锁患儿早期胆红素变化

目的：比较胆道闭锁及婴儿肝炎综合征（以下简称为婴肝）患儿出生后2个月内胆红素水平,分析胆道闭锁和婴肝患儿胆红素变化的规律,探讨胆道闭锁患儿胆红素水平与年龄的内在联系。方法选择2000年1月至2009年4月因黄疸于出生后60 d 内行血清胆红素检查的胆道闭锁患儿68例,为胆道闭锁组;2005年1月至2009年4月因婴儿肝炎综合征于出生后60 d 内行血清胆红素检查的患儿72例,为婴肝组;正常对照组为近1年内非肝脏疾病于出生60 d 内行胆红素检查的54例患儿。分析各组血清胆红素水平随年龄变化的特点,并计算检查时年龄、直接胆红素与总胆红素的比例。将上述结果分组进行对比分析,研究各组血清胆红素与年龄之间的关系。结果胆道闭锁患儿血清总胆红素、直接胆红素水平明显高于婴肝组患儿（P ＜0.05）。胆道闭锁组患儿出生后10 d 内血清总胆红素、直接胆红素水平明显高于婴肝组和正常对照组。胆道闭锁组患儿直接胆红素水平、直接胆红素与总胆红素比值随年龄增长缓慢升高,而婴肝组患儿直接胆红素水平、直接胆红素与总胆红素比值在出生20 d后变化甚微。结论胆道闭锁患儿总胆红素水平在新生儿期逐渐下降,1个月后再缓慢升高;且并不是一开始就表现为以直接胆红素升高为主的高胆红素血症,出生后20 d 内其与婴肝相似,均表现为以间接胆红素升高为主的黄疸。年龄小于2个月的婴儿,直接胆红素占总胆红素的水平超过0．7可以作为诊断胆道闭锁的线索。     

Esophageal atresia: critical review of 10 years' experience

From January 1976 to October 1986, 107 cases of esophageal atresia (EA) were admitted to the Neonatal Surgical Unit of the Bambino Gesú Hospital of Rome; 86% of the children had a type III EA. Associated anomalies were present in 47%; they were multiple in 18%. Cardiological malformations were the most frequent followed by digestive, skeletal, urological, and chromosomal aberrations. Surgical treatment was attempted in all children except 3, who died before surgical correction, in an effort to perform an end-to-end anastomosis in a single layer through a transpleural approach. According to the results, children were divided into two groups of 50 patients each: group 1 (1976–1981); and group 2 (1981–1986). Anastomosis was possible in 69% of children (68.7% in group 1, 69.3% in group 2). After 1983, gastrostomy fell into gradual disrepute and a transanastomotic tube was used. Immediate complications were seen in 36.6% of cases; in no case did recurrence of the tracheoesophageal fistula occur. The overall mortality decreased from 50% (group 1) to 30% (group 2). In the two periods considered, the mortality according to Waterston's risk classes was 28.5% 5,8% (class A), 42.1% 11.7% (class B), 82.3% 68.7% (class C). Of a total of 41 deaths, 47% were due to severe associated malformations: bronchopneumopathy or prematurity seemed to have less importance in establishing the prognosis.Offprint requests to: P. Bagolan