Superstition and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to determine whether post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages occur more frequently in redheaded children, in patterns of threes, on Friday-the-13th days, or with the full moon. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control analysis. METHODS: The authors performed multiple statistical analyses of all children undergoing tonsillectomy at Temple University Children's Medical Center (Philadelphia, PA) during a 29-month period. Children readmitted to the hospital with or without surgical control of bleeding were compared with children who did not bleed. Relation of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages to the phase of the moon was evaluated using a standard normal deviate. The frequency of surgery performed on Friday-the-13th days was compared with a differently dated Friday chosen at random. Clusters of three hemorrhages in a 7-day period were recorded. Families of children were contacted and asked whether their child had red hair. A chi analysis compared redheaded and non-redheaded tonsillectomy patients. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 589 tonsillectomy cases performed required readmission for bleeding events. Twenty tonsillectomies occurred on a full-moon day, resulting in one bleeding event. One cluster of three post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages occurred in a 7-day period. Four of the children who bled had red hair. Two tonsillectomies occurred on Friday the 13th, with no associated hemorrhage. Statistical analysis revealed a random pattern to post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages do not occur in clusters of three and are not more frequent with the full moon or on Friday the 13th. The bleeding rate among children with red hair is similar to that of non-redheaded children.     

Acetaminophen versus acetaminophen with codeine after pediatric tonsillectomy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of acetaminophen versus acetaminophen with codeine after pediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. METHODS: Fifty-one children ages 3 to 12 years scheduled for outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were studied. Patients were randomly assigned to receive acetaminophen or acetaminophen with codeine in unlabeled bottles for postoperative pain control. The Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale was used to help children quantify their level of pain after surgery. The level of pain, quantity of pain medication required, presence of side effects, and the percentage of a normal diet consumed was recorded for 10 postoperative days. RESULTS: There was no difference (P > .05, all time points) in the level of postoperative pain reported by the parents and children in the two groups. The acetaminophen with codeine group tended to have increased problems with nausea, emesis, and constipation, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Children in the acetaminophen group consumed a significantly higher percentage of a normal diet on the first 6 postoperative days (P < .05, all time points). CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the level of pain control provided by acetaminophen and acetaminophen with codeine as measured by the Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale. Postoperative oral intake was significantly higher in children treated with acetaminophen alone.     

术中应用地塞米松对儿童扁桃体切除术后疼痛的影响

目的：探讨术中应用地塞米松对儿童扁桃体切除术后疼痛的影响。方法：选取我院2015年1月至2018年6月行双侧扁桃体切除术的50例患儿为研究对象,按来院先后顺序编号,单号入实验组,双号入对照组,分为实验组和对照组各25例。两组患儿均采用相同麻醉方案,实验组术中应用地塞米松0.5 mg/kg,最大剂量8.0 mg,加入100 mL生理盐水中静脉滴注,分别记录患儿手术结束拔管后2、4 h、术后第1、2、3天每天8点患儿咽部疼痛程度并评分。结果：实验组术后4 h、术后第1、2天疼痛程度小于对照组（P<0.05）;术后2 h和术后第3天,两组疼痛程度比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：术中应用地塞米松能有效减轻儿童扁桃体切除术后疼痛。     

羟考酮联合舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术的应用效果

目的:探讨羟考酮联合舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术的应用价值。 方法:选择全身麻醉下行择期扁桃体腺样体切除的患儿 80 例,按随机数表法分为舒芬太尼组(S 组)和羟考酮+舒芬太尼组(O+S 组)各 40 例。 监测麻醉诱导前(T0 )、气管插管时(T1 )、拔除气管导管时(T2 )、拔管后 5 min(T3 )、离开麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU)时(T4 )的心率和平均动脉压;记录 T3 及T4 患儿疼痛行为量表(FLACC)评分及儿童麻醉苏醒期躁动量表(PAED)评分。 记录患儿麻醉诱导时呛咳、在 PACU 躁动、恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率。 结果:S 组患儿 T1 、T2 时及 O+S 组患儿 T1 时的心率和平均动脉压较 T0 时升高(P<0. 05);O+S 组患儿 T2 时心率和平均动脉压低于 S 组(P<0. 05)。 O+S 组患儿 T3 、T4 时 FLACC 评分及 T3 时 PAED 评分低于 S 组,诱导时呛咳、术后躁动的发生率低于 S 组(P<0. 05)。 结论:与单用舒芬太尼相比,小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术中采用羟考酮 0. 2 mg / kg+舒芬太尼 0. 2 μg / kg 联合诱导麻醉,可提高术后镇痛满意度,减少呛咳及术后躁动等不良反应的发生。     

儿童扁桃体切除后机体免疫功能变化的探讨

用比浊法分别测定扁桃体切除术前、术后１ 周及１ 个月的免疫球蛋白（ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、Ｉｇ Ｍ） 含量,了解其变化情况。结果显示,术后１ 周ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、Ｉｇ Ｍ 均下降,与术前比较,差异有高度显著性（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０５） ;术后１ 个月,Ｉｇ 水平均有所回升,以ＩｇＡ 最明显,其含量与术前相比差异无显著性（ Ｐ ＞ ０ ．０５） ;而Ｉｇ Ｍ 、ＩｇＧ 则不明显,其均数与术前相比差异仍有高度显著性（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０５） 。认为扁桃体切除术后Ｉｇ 含量虽有下降,但均在正常范围内变化,故只要掌握好适应证,儿童扁桃体切除是安全可靠的。     

芬太尼用量对小儿扁桃体联合腺样体切除术后苏醒质量的影响

目的观察不同剂量芬太尼用于小儿插管全麻手术对术后苏醒质量的影响。方法选择60例ASA I-Ⅱ级择期行鼻内镜下扁桃体联合腺样体切除术患儿并随机分成3组。各组患者诱导用药均为：丙泊酚2.0mg／kg,维库溴铵0.1mg／kg,芬太尼2.5μg／kg,术中均以瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚泵注维持。手术开始前,I组不追加芬太尼,Ⅱ组追加芬太尼2.0μg／kg,Ⅲ组追加芬太尼4.0μg／kg。观察指标：记录麻醉诱导前（T0）、气管插管后即刻（T1）、手术开始30分钟（T2）、手术结束时（T3）的心率（HR）、动脉收缩压（SBP）、动脉舒张压（DBP）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）;记录各组患儿芬太尼、瑞芬太尼的用量和手术结束至呼吸恢复时间、至呼名睁眼时间、至拔出气管导管时间;记录各组患儿术后恶心呕吐、躁动及出手术室时自觉疼痛情况。结兽三组患儿各时间点的HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2与诱导前比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。麻醉持续时间三组比较无差异,麻醉药用量Ⅱ、Ⅲ组瑞芬太尼少于I组（P〈0.05）;呼吸恢复时间、呼名睁眼时间、拔出气管导管时间I组短于Ⅱ组,Ⅱ组短于Ⅲ组（P〈0.05）;苏醒后恶心呕吐发生率差异显著躁动率I组大于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P〈0.05）。三组均无术中知晓及其它麻醉并发症。结论小儿扁桃体联合腺样体切除手术开始前以芬太尼2.0μg／kg注入,术中以瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉维持,可明显提高麻醉后苏醒质量。     

A systematic review on the efficacy of tranexamic acid in head and neck surgery

Background

Intraoperative and postoperative blood loss is a major risk in head and neck (H&N) surgery. Recently the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) has been investigated by multiple studies for reducing intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, however reported results are variable.

Objectives

To determine the safety and efficacy of TXA use in H&N surgery.

Methods

Systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, ClinicalKey, and Clinicaltrials.gov according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they reported on intraoperative bleeding, volume or duration of postoperative drain or return to theatre rate for postoperative haemorrhage in adult populations following use of TXA. Risk of bias assessment with Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2) tool for randomised controlled trials and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale tool for non-randomised studies.

Results

Sixteen studies were identified (114 407 patients). Eight studies evaluated TXA in major H&N surgery and eight studies in tonsillectomy. Primary outcomes were reduction in intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. Secondary outcomes included the duration of postoperative drain placement and return to theatre rate. No adverse events were reported in any patients. TXA is effective in reducing intraoperative blood loss in tonsillectomy. However, the effect on posttonsillectomy haemorrhage was unclear. Insufficient evidence exists of benefit of TXA on intraoperative bleeding in major H&N procedures. Postoperative drainage volumes were significantly reduced in most major H&N studies. The duration of drain placement and risk of blood transfusion was unchanged in most cases.

Conclusion

TXA use is safe in H&N patients. Whilst sufficient evidence exists to support the use of TXA in tonsillectomy, insufficient evidence exists to recommend use in major H&N surgery.