附子水煎剂对家兔离体肺动脉血管的舒张作用

目的:研究附子Monkshood Root(DMR)水煎剂对肺动脉环的舒张作用及机制.方法:采用家兔离体肺动脉平滑肌标本,以去甲肾上腺素(NA)预收缩肺动脉后,给予不同剂量的附子观察其张力变化,并探讨去除血管内皮、给予NO合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸(L-NNA)、甲烯蓝(MB)、环氧酶抑制剂吲哚美辛和β肾上腺素能受体阻断剂普萘洛尔对血管张力变化的影响.结果:附子对血管环静息张力无明显影响,但不同剂量的附子可使10-6mol·L-1NA预收缩血管产生明显舒张(r=0.71,P＜0.001).去除血管内皮、10-4mol·L-1L-NNA或10-5mol·L-1MB可减弱附子的舒张作用.另外,1 mg·mL-1DMR对无内皮血管环NA和KCl的量效曲线无明显影响,DMB温育前后NA的PD2值为7.56±0.95和7.30±0.83,P＞0.05;KCl的PD2值为1.74±0.48和1.71±0.51,P＞0.05.结论:附子水煎剂对肺动脉的舒张作用是内皮依赖性,与内皮细胞释放的NO有关,而与平滑肌细胞膜上的受体依赖性Ca2 通道和电压依赖性Ca2 无关.     

Assessing the Quality of Life of Adults with Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Routine Primary Care: Construction and First Validation of the 10-Item Respiratory Illness Questionnaire-Monitoring 10 (RIQ-MON10)

BACKGROUND: As doctors' judgements about the burden of a disease often differ from patients' own assessments a manageable method to incorporate the latter into routine care might support patient-centered decision-making. For this purpose we shortened the 55-Item Quality of Life for Respiratory Illness Questionnaire (QoL-RIQ). METHODS: Secondary analyses of the data of 3 controlled studies (n = 328, 502 and 555). PROCEDURES: inter-item correlations, scale distributions, Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis. Dyspnoea, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), COOP/WONCA charts, the Medical Research Council-ECCS symptoms questionnaire and the MOS-SF 36 served as criteria to test validity and responsiveness. RESULTS: Item-reduction resulted in a 10-item short form (alpha's 0.87-0.90), consisting of 2 5-item factors: (1) physical and emotional complaints and (2) physical and social limitations. The correlations of the short form with dyspnoea (r from 0.57 to 0.60), the generic health status instruments (r from 0.39 to 0.59) and lung function (r from 0.10 to 0.15) fulfilled the criteria. FURTHER RESULTS: a clinical relevant score difference (> 0.5) between upper and lower quartiles of the convergent instruments, an intraclass correlation between repeated scores in a stable group of 0.82 and a standardised response mean of 0.86 in an improved group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The short form (RIQ-MON10) maintained the psychometric properties of the original instrument and is promising for assessing quality of life (QoL) during routine primary care visits.     

深圳市世界银行贷款结核病控制绩效评价

目的 对深圳市为期8年的全人口世行贷款结核病控制项目工作进行绩效评价。探讨 项目绩效评价的方法。方法 收集1993～2001年深圳市全人口结核病控制项目周期内转诊、可疑者接诊、涂阳患病、痰菌阴转、治愈情况等及费用筹集和使用的有关资料，并在项目实施前后进行结核病流行病学调查和耐药监测。从服务公平性、健康可及性、项目效果、项目效益、项目效率等方面对该项目进行评价。结果 (1)服务公平：将外来人口纳入结核病控制项目管理，实施全人口控制策略，并取得了与户籍人口一致的效果；(2)健康可及：健全了市、区、镇三级防治网络。全面实施归口管治。推行全程督导管理方式(DOTS)策略；(3)效果明显：减少了1．5万新发病人。患病率下降超过50％，初始涂阳耐多药率下降7％；(4)效益巨大：直接经济效益1．42亿元，间接经济效益挽回GDP损失30．6亿元，减少个人收入17．6亿元；(5)效率高：2月末痰菌阴转率88．8％。3月末痰菌阴转率96．0％。结论 该项目实施8年绩效明显。政府承诺保证该项目可持续发展是非常必要的。     

球瓣比和球囊长度与儿童经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术疗效的关系

目的通过分析不同的球瓣比和球囊长度对儿童经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术(PBPV)近期及中远期疗效的影响，探讨最适宜的球瓣比和球囊长度。 方法1987~2005年山东省立医院儿科诊治119例肺动脉瓣狭窄患儿，使用不同球瓣比和长度的扩张球囊行PBPV术，扩张前后测量右室与肺动脉间的峰值压力阶差，并行左侧位右室造影，测量瓣环大小并观察有无右室流出道激惹。术前、术后定期行经胸超声心动图检查，估测最大跨肺动脉瓣压力阶差，并观察肺动脉瓣形态及其反流情况。 结果超大球囊法行PBPV术后，患儿的近期及中远期跨肺动脉瓣压差持续下降，且压差下降率不随球瓣比的增加而增大；术后未发现有肺动脉瓣再狭窄者，所有患儿均有不同程度的肺动脉瓣反流，且反流的程度随时间的延长而加重，并与球瓣比成正相关。对于年龄较小(≤6岁)的儿童，球瓣比大且长度≥40mm的球囊较易引起右室流出道痉挛及三尖瓣反流。中远期三尖瓣反流的发生可能间接继发于肺动脉瓣反流所引起的右室容量负荷过重。 结论PBPV治疗肺动脉瓣狭窄，最佳的球瓣比为1.0~1.2，疗效满意且并发症少；6岁以下儿童宜使用长度<40mm的球囊，可减少右室流出道痉挛及近期三尖瓣反流的发生。     

依替米星治疗老年肺部感染的疗效和安全性观察

目的观察硫酸依替米星在老年肺部感染性疾病中应用的安全性。方法选择42例年龄大于60岁的老年肺部感染性疾病患者用硫酸依替米星治疗,观察临床疗效,记录用药前后血肝肾功能的变化及用药过程中的临床不良反应。结果依替米星治疗老年肺部感染的临床有效率为85.71%,不良反应的发生率9.52%。结论硫酸依替米星是一个毒性较低、安全有效的氨基糖苷类抗生素,可用于老年肺部感染性疾病。     

Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome presenting with pulmonary arteriovenous fistula

A pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection between pulmonary arteries and veins. Patients with Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome may present with this vascular malformation, which is a typical finding of the disease. Approximately 5–15% of Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome patients have pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and there is usually a family history of AVM in these patients. The malformations are usually located in the lower lobes. In this paper, I describe a 49‐year‐old male patient with dyspnoea, cough, haemoptysis and epistaxis. Physical examination showed nasal telangiectasias, cyanosis of the lips and nails, and a systolic bruit over the left lung. Chest X‐ray revealed a 5‐cm mass in the left lower lobe and after magnetic resonance examination, together with 3‐D magnetic resonance angiography, it was demonstrated to be a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. The history of a niece with a similiar history of suspected pulmonary arteriovenous fistula led me to consider the possibility of Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome presenting with a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.     

Lung bullae and pulmonary fibrosis associated with marijuana smoking

A 26‐year‐old man with a history of heavy marijuana and minimal tobacco use was found to have extensive bilateral lung bullae and interstitial fibrosis, heavily infiltrated by pigmented macrophages. These features can be associated with marijuana smoking. The differential diagnoses in this patient are also discussed.     

Paradoxical embolization via a patent foramen ovale following acute pulmonary embolism

The foramen ovale is usually obliterated following establishment of the adult circulation but remains patent in 25% of individuals. This potential communication between the venous and arterial circulations can allow thromboembolic material to bypass the lungs and enter the systemic circulation. We report two cases of paradoxical embolization through a patent foramen ovale following acute large pulmonary embolism (PE) and discuss the factors that predispose to paradoxical embolization following PE.     

Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: Ventilation perfusion scintigraphy versus helical computed tomography pulmonary angiography

The present study compared the accuracy of ventilation perfusion scintigraphy (VQS) and CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. This was a prospective observational study of 112 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) who could be studied with both investigations within 24 h. Results were compared to final diagnosis at completion of 6-month follow up, using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in 27 referred patients (24%). The sensitivity and specificity of VQS and CTPA were similar to that reported from the literature. A normal VQ scan had the highest negative predictive value (100%), while a high-probability VQ scan had the highest positive predictive value (92%). There was no overall difference (area under the ROC curve (AUC)) between VQS (AUC (95% CI) = 0.82 (0.75,0.89)) and CTPA (AUC = 0.88 (0.81,0.94)) for the diagnosis of PE. Among patients with abnormal chest X-rays, CTPA (AUC 0.90 (0.83,0.97)) appeared somewhat better than VQS (AUC 0.78 (0.68,0.88)) but this difference did not reach statistical significance. In this instance, CTPA is at least as accurate as VQS and may provide an opportunity to make alternative diagnoses.     

61例传染性非典型肺炎初期患者胸片变化的回顾性分析

目的了解传染性非典型肺炎疾病初期肺部炎症变化的规律,为早期诊断及治疗提供依据.方法搜集61例传染性非典型肺炎患者入院后第1～5日的胸片,对其进行回顾性分析.结果传染性非典型肺炎肺部炎症在疾病初期(入院5日内)呈现逐渐进展的趋势,但其进展趋势相对平稳,未见突然恶化或好转者.结论将"抗菌药物治疗无明显效果"作为传染性非典型肺炎的重要诊断依据;其疾病初期进展平稳,没有必要预防性地使用糖皮质激素.