纵隔镜检查在胸部疑难疾病诊断中的作用

目的：临床观察纵隔镜检查在胸部疑难疾病诊断中的作用。方法：使用德国STORZ公司生产的纵隔镜，对17例临床不能确诊的影像学检查发现的纵隔肿物或淋巴结施行标准的经颈纵隔镜检查术。结果：本组均获得了明确的病理诊断,其中良性病变88．2％（15／17），包括结节病9例，淋巴结结核5例，巨大淋巴结增生症1例，而2例恶性肿物均为肺小细胞未分化癌。结论：纵隔镜对原因不明的纵隔肿物或结节的诊断有着重要意义，可使一些结节病或淋巴结结核的患者得到及时正确的诊断，使这部分患者避免了盲目的试验性放、化疗或开胸探查所带来的痛苦。     

内镜下卢戈液染色诊断早期食管癌

目的：研究内镜下卢戈液染色诊断早期食管癌的临床可行性。方法：168例患者经内镜下喷洒卢戈氏液对食管粘膜染色后观察，并取不染区组织进行病理检查。结果：168例患者中有123例食管粘膜呈不规则片状不染或着色不良，经病理检查发现食管鳞癌16例，腺癌4例，各种程度的不典型增生52例，不同程度的炎症51例。正常着色者25例，深染者14例与散在小点状着色不良者6例中病理结果为轻度慢性炎症35例，未见明显异常者10例。结论：内镜下卢戈液染色是提高食管癌及癌前病变检出率的有效方法。     

经内镜注射硬化剂治疗食管静脉曲张(附15例报告)

经内镜注射5％鱼肝油酸钠治疗食管静脉曲张15例,共注射45次。其肝功能按Child分级,A级1例,B级8例,C级6例。曾经作过脾切除,分流或断流术者7例。8例急症出血患者经用硬化疗法获得了止血成功。1例急症患者死亡。6例作了择期预防出血的注射,治疗后均得到改善。治疗出血方面,硬化疗法在15例患者中14例有效,随访6～12月无再出血。     

A comparison of the relative risk of vessel injury with conical versus pyramidal laparoscopic trocars in a rabbit model

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the relative risk of vessel injury after use of a 5 mm conical-tipped trocar, a 5 mm pyramidal-tipped trocar, and a 10 mm pyramidal-tipped trocar in a rabbit vessel model.STUDY DESIGN: Plastic templates were placed in front of and behind 108 mesenteric vessels in 11 anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits. Laparoscopic trocars were inserted through the templates and mesentery. The incidence of vessel injury was determined at distances from the vessels ranging from 0 to 5 mm.RESULTS: The 5 mm conical trocar resulted in a vessel injury rate of 88% at 0 mm from the vessel but 0% at 1 or 2 mm. The 5 mm pyramidal trocar resulted in 100%, 88%, and 62% injury rates of 0, 1, and 2 mm from the vessels, respectively. The 10 mm pyramidal trocar resulted in a 100% injury rate at 0, 1, 2, or 3 mm from the vessels and 80% and 40% at 4 mm and 5mm, respectively.CONCLUSION: The relative risk of vessel injury is significantly increased by the use of pyramidal-tipped trocars when compared with conical-tipped trocars, especially if larger diameter trocars are used.     

Upper Gastrointestinal Irritation and Arrhythmia

Abstract: The influence of endoscopic examination on the occurrence of arrhythmia was investigated electrocardiographically in 30 patients with cardiovascular disease who underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) (group A) and 38 patients with digestive tract disease who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) (group B). The mode and frequency of arrhythmia during the examination were compared between the two groups. (1) Arrhythmia was more frequently observed in group A (22 of 30, 73.3%) than in group B (9 of 38, 23.7%) patients (p<0.001). The common arrhythmias in both groups were supraventricular premature beat and ventricular premature beat. Serious arrhythmias, such as 2nd degree atrioventricular block and ventricular fibrillation were detected only in group A patients. (2) The region of the esophagus where the tip of the probe or scope was located was classified into three segments: upper (0–15 cm), middle (15–35 cm) and lower (35 cm<). Arrhythmias tended to be frequent when the tip of the probe or scope was located in the middle segment of the esophagus. These data indicate that arrhythmias observed during TEE or UGIE are related to the underlying heart disease. Furthermore, the middle segment of the esophagus appears to be particularly susceptible to the provocation of arrhythmia.     

Theoretical basis for camera control in teleoperating

Background: The triangle paralaxis method for camera control in teleoperating is presented. Methods: For orientation in the 3D space of the corporic cavity there are three points necessary for the creation of the paralaxis triangle. This triangle is then imagined and compared with topography during surgery. The first and second points are created in one's mind at the locus of the entry of the instruments into the viewing field of the camera. The third apex of the triangle is the area of dissection—the point in which the instruments converge. The fourth point to be viewed determines the course of dissection. Triangle paralaxis may be applied in dissection with only one instrument as well as in the zooming technique, closely viewing a part of the dissecting instrument. Results: Using this technique a 7.78% rate of conversion and 2.15% rate of reoperation could be achieved in 334 evaluated laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in a small public hospital. Conclusions: Triangle paralaxis seems to be a simple method for ensuring an optimal camera view during laparoscopic surgery.     

成人斯蒂尔病1例

成人斯蒂尔病起病原因及发生机制仍不清楚,临床主要表现为发热、关节痛、皮疹,且有白细胞、血清铁蛋白等指标增高,但缺乏针对该病的特定诊断指标,导致临床漏诊、误诊比率较高。通过查阅相关文献,发现本病内镜下报道资料较少。本文就1例成人斯蒂尔病病例及胃镜下表现进行报道,并结合AOSD相关诊断指标、治疗方面的最新进展进行归纳,旨在为临床诊疗本病寻求更精准的选择。     

Histological score for cells with irregular nuclear contours for the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis in children

Histological criteria for the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis include basal zone hyperplasia, stromal papillae elongation, and inflammatory infiltrate. However, endoscopic esophageal biopsy specimens may include little or no lamina propria. Intraepithelial T lymphocytes, seen in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections as cells with irregular nuclear contours (CINC), may have a higher density in children with esophagitis. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a numerical score built up by grading the "classical" parameters and its correlation with CINC density in grasp biopsy specimens obtained from children undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy with and without esophagitis. We analyzed esophageal biopsy specimens from 349 children (median age, 5 years) subdivided in 4 groups according to the previous routine histology report: group 1, 144 children with esophagitis; group 2, 65 controls; group 3, 51 children with dubious esophagitis; and group 4, 75 children with esophagitis on endoscopy but a normal histology report. A numerical value was assigned to each parameter; the sum of these values represented the histological score. We also evaluated intraepithelial CINC density (ie, number of CINC per high-power field). We separately analyzed histological sections with and without lamina propria. For both total score and for CINC density, we calculated a cutoff using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Cutoffs of 6 for score and of 4 for CINC density provided the best sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity of the histological score was better in biopsy specimens containing lamina propria (94%) than in those without lamina propria (4%). Sensitivity of CINC density was satisfactory in both specimens with (78%) and without (75%) lamina propria. Specificity was satisfactory for both parameters. In conclusion, when lamina propria was present in sections of endoscopic esophageal biopsy specimens, histological score provided a better diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of esophagitis. However, when no lamina propria was present, as was the case in 67% of our children, CINC density had better sensitivity. In addition, this latter parameter showed esophageal mucosa damage in 34% of previously dubious cases or cases with esophagitis at endoscopy but a previous routine histology report of normal mucosa.     

Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of the Optic Canal‐Based on Multislice Helical CT: A Comparison Analysis with Skull Dissection of 40 Postmortem Cases

Decompression operation of the optic canal via the nasal path under endoscope is widely used, but it is both a challenging and controversial method. Unsatisfactory results were largely associated with otolaryngologists' limited understanding of the real anatomical situations of the optic canal before operation. To provide otolaryngologists with the real situations and data preoperation, multislice helical CT was used to reconstruct the images of the optic canal. Using multislice helical CT‐aided three‐dimensional reconstructive methods in combination with direct anatomic measurement, we dissected and analyzed the shape of the optic canal and its anatomic relationship with the adjoining structures in 40 intact postmortem skull samples. The In‐Space technique clearly showed the structure and the related region of the optic canal. The virtual endoscopy technique showed superbly the spatial appearance and topography of the inner optic canal and also gave the inner structure of the optic canal optically. There was no statistic difference in three‐dimensional reconstructive data with that obtained by anatomical measurements and thus can be used to directly instruct the clinic operation. These results demonstrate that a combined In‐Space technique with virtual endoscopy can accurately define the subtle structure and the related region of the optical canal. In conclusion, multislice helical CT‐based three‐dimensional reconstruction is of important value for clinical operations. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

内耳门周结构对内镜下脑桥小脑三角区手术的影响

目的：研究内耳门周结构对颞骨径路内镜下处理脑桥小脑三角区病变手术的影响，为临床开展相应手术提供参考。方法：在20例40侧成人尸头上模拟颞骨径路内窥镜手术，观察小脑下前动脉及内耳门后唇的变异，了解其对内窥镜导入及其手术的影响。结果：内耳门后唇隆起超过面神经脑桥小脑角段1／3以上者占27．5％(11侧)。小脑下前动脉在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经外侧成袢者占22．5％(9侧)。内耳门后唇隆起合并小脑下前动脉袢在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经之外侧者占7．5％(3侧)。结论：当内耳门后唇隆起超过面神经脑桥小脑角段1／3或小脑下前动脉弓在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经之前时将对内窥镜导入有阻碍，当两种情况合并存在时要将内窥镜导入脑桥小脑三角区相当困难，不宜采用此种手术方式。