扩散加权成像在卵巢表皮样囊肿中的诊断应用简

目的：探讨磁共振扩散加权像（DWI）及表观扩散系数对卵巢表皮样囊肿的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析11例经手术病理证实的卵巢表皮样囊肿患者磁共振常规及扩散加权成像,选取感兴趣区,测量表观扩散系数进行分析。结果磁共振平扫11例T1WI呈低信号,T2WI为高信号,DWI呈高信号,表观扩散系数（ADC）值降低,ADC值范围为（0．632~1．082）×10-3 mm2/s。结论通过对卵巢表皮样囊肿磁共振表现的分析,提示扩散加权成像对卵巢表皮样囊肿诊断有一定特异性。     

胸腺囊肿的CT诊断

目的 分析胸腺囊肿的CT表现,以提高对该病的诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析13例经病理证实的胸腺囊肿的CT表现并复习相关文献,所有病例中8例行CT平扫及增强扫描,5例直接行增强扫描.结果 13例均为单发,位于前上纵隔3例,右前上纵隔5例,左前上纵隔4例,前中纵隔1例.最大者直径约17.0 cm,最小者直径约3.2 cm,平均为8.1 cm.13例中4例呈椭圆形,9例为圆形,无分叶,边界清楚.平扫10例密度均匀,3例密度不均匀.囊壁边缘钙化2例.单房11例,多房2例.增强扫描,9例囊肿壁菲薄,囊壁及囊内无强化表现,1例有壁结节,结节呈轻中度强化,与邻近组织界限不清.结论 CT能清晰地显示胸腺囊肿的形态、密度及其囊壁,为该病的诊断和临床治疗提供有价值的影像学信息.     

Usefulness of computed tomography during cholangiography for the diagnosis of multiple hepatic peribiliary cysts: a report of three cases with chronic liver disease

Hepatic peribiliary cysts are composed of multiple tiny cysts along the larger portal tracts and have been reported to be harmless. On clinical images, peribiliary cysts resemble other diseases such as biliary dilatations, cholangitis, or periportal edema. Therefore, it is important to distinguish peribiliary cysts from these diseases using a combination of several imaging modalities. Herein, we report three cases of peribiliary cysts. The first case underwent laparotomy for the presumptive diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In the remaining two cases, hepatic peribiliary cysts were diagnosed and laparotomy was avoided. Magnetic resonance cholangiography contributed to the diagnosis, owing to their characteristic distribution. In addition, computed tomography during cholangiography (cholangio-CT) demonstrated that the cysts had no communication with the intrahepatic biliary system. Therefore, cholangio-CT is considered to be the most useful modality for the diagnosis of peribiliary cysts.     

Tarlov Cyst and Infertility

Background/Objective:

Tarlov cysts or spinal perineurial cysts are uncommon lesions. These are mostly incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging or myelograms. The objectives of this study were to describe Tarlov cysts of the sacral region as a potential cause for retrograde ejaculations and review available management options.

Methods:

Case report and literature review.

Results:

A 28-year-old man presented with back pain and retrograde ejaculations resulting in infertility. After microsurgical excision of large perineurial cysts, back pain resolved, but semen quality showed only marginal improvement. Later, the couple successfully conceived by intrauterine insemination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Tarlov cyst associated with retrograde ejaculation and infertility.

Conclusions:

Despite being mostly asymptomatic and an incidental finding, Tarlov cyst is an important clinical entity because of its tendency to increase in size with time. Tarlov cysts of the sacral and cauda equina region may be a rare underlying cause in otherwise unexplained retrograde ejaculations and infertility. Microsurgical excision may be a good option in a select group of patients.     

F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in differentiating malignant from benign pancreatic cysts: A prospective study

The differential diagnosis between benign and malignant pancreatic cystic lesions may be very difficult. We recently found that F-18-.uorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18-FDG PET) was useful for the preoperative work-up of pancreatic cystic lesions. This study was undertaken to confirm these results. From February 2000 to July 2003, 50 patients with a pancreatic cystic lesion were prospectively investigated with 18-FDG PET in addition to helical computed tomography (CT) and, in some instances, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The validation of diagnosis was based on pathologic findings after surgery (n = 31), percutaneous biopsy (n = 4), and according to follow-up in 15 patients. The 18-FDG PET was analyzed visually and semiquantitatively using the standard uptake value (SUV). The accuracy of FDG PET and CT was determined for preoperative diagnosis of malignant cystic lesions. Seventeen patients had malignant cystic lesions. Sixteen (94%) showed increased 18-FDG uptake (SUV >2.5), including two patients with carcinoma in situ. Eleven patients (65%) were correctly identified as having malignancy by CT. Thirty-three patients had benign tumors: two patients showed increased 18-FDG uptake, and four patients showed CT findings of malignancy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of 18-FDG PET and CT in detecting malignant tumors were 94%, 94%, 89%, 97%, and 94% and 65%, 88%, 73%, 83%, and 80%, respectively. 18-FDG PET is accurate in identifying malignant pancreatic cystic lesions and should be used in combination with CT in the preoperative evaluation of patients with pancreatic cystic lesions. A negative result with 18-FDG PET may avoid unnecessary operation in asymptomatic or high-risk patients. Presented at the Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 15–19, 2004 (oral presentation). This study was supported by the Ministero Università e Ricerca Scientifica (Cofin 2001068593-001), Rome, Italy.     

AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童长骨骨囊肿

目的 探讨AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童长骨单纯性骨囊肿的疗效及特点.方法 肱骨、股骨单纯性骨囊肿患儿18例,男11例,女7例;年龄6～12岁,平均8.1岁;肱骨近端12例,股骨近端5例,股骨中段1例;按Neer等标准,活动期12例,静止期6例.使用AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射进行治疗.测量治疗后3、6、12、18个月的X线片示囊肿残留静止透光区面积并进行统计学分析,评估骨囊肿的愈合情况.结果 18例患儿均获得随访,随访时间11～23个月,平均16个月.骨囊肿愈合时间3～6个月,平均4.8个月.囊肿愈合6例(33.3%),缺损愈合12例(66.7%),愈合率100%.3、6、12、18个月X线片示囊肿残留静止透光区面积逐渐减小,各时间点比较差异有统计学意义.术后除1例患儿因钉尾刺激引起轻度皮肤激惹症状外,余均未发现其他并发症及病理性骨折.结论 AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童骨囊肿不仅囊肿愈合快,愈合率高,而且病灶骨能即刻获得力学稳定,同时可有效预防病理性骨折的发生.     

Percutaneous CT-Guided Treatment of Lumbar Facet Joint Synovial Cysts

Symptomatic intraspinal lumbar facet joint synovial cysts can be managed both conservatively and surgically. Diagnosis of the lumbar facet joint cyst is made through cross-sectional imaging of the spine, either by computerized tomography (CT) scan, myelography, or most commonly magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative treatment by facet joint injection can be performed under fluoroscopic or CT guidance, although only CT guidance provides direct visualization of the cyst confirming accurate needle placement. This case report illustrates the use of percutaneous CT-guided facet joint cyst treatment as a temporizing measure or alternative to surgical treatment in the proper clinical scenario.     

Differentiation between hemangiomas and cysts of the liver with nonenhanced MR imaging: Efficacy of T2 values at 1.5 T

The authors studied the utility of non-contrast-agent-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for differentiating cysts and cavernous hemangiomas of the liver. Nineteen patients with hemangiomas (51 lesions) and 16 with cysts (30 lesions) were studied with a 1.5-T MR imager. T2 values were calculated with the two-point method to evaluate the efficacy of T2 values in the differentiation between hemangiomas and cysts of the liver. For lesions larger than 1 cm, the mean T2 value of cysts (306 msec ± 156) was significantly longer than that of hemangiomas (113 msec ± 15) (P < .0001); there was no overlap of the ranges for T2 values of hemangiomas and cysts. All cysts larger than 1 cm could be differentiated from hemangiomas by using a threshold T2 value of 140 msec. This study suggests that calculated T2 values permit differentiation between hemangiomas and cysts larger than 1 cm at 1.5 T.     

Laparoscopic management of paratubal and paraovarian cysts.

OBJECTIVES: To define the proportion, methods of diagnosis, and a simplified laparoscopic technique for treating paratubal and paraovarian cysts. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study in the Gynecologic Endoscopy Unit of Assiut University Hospital in Assiut, Egypt in 1853 patients undergoing video-assisted laparoscopy. Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) was performed to detect paratubal or paraovarian cysts. Tubal shape and patency were evaluated with hysterosalpingography (HSG) in the infertile group. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of paratubal or paraovarian cysts. Small cysts were punctured and coagulated, and larger cysts required cystectomy and extraction of the cysts by using bipolar electrosurgery. Cystectomy was preceded by endocystic visualization in all cases. The primary outcomes measured included (1) correlation of the preoperative TVS, HSG, or both of these, with the laparoscopic diagnosis; (2) estimation of the success of the laparoscopic management of paratubal cysts; (3) assessment of the value of endocystic visualization prior to cystectomy; and (4) evaluation of tubal patency after laparoscopic management. RESULTS: Laparoscopically, only 118 patients (15.7%) were proved to have paratubal or paraovarian cysts. Preoperatively, TVS confirmed paratubal or paraovarian cysts in 52 (44%) patients. Cysts less than 3 cm in size (34 cases) were treated with simple puncture and bipolar coagulation of the cyst wall, whereas larger cysts (84 cases) were treated by cystectomy. Endocystic visualization using the 4-mm rigid hysteroscope was performed in 84 (71%) patients with large cysts. Statistically significant improvement occurred in tubal patency after laparoscopic management. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic diagnosis of not uncommon paratubal and paraovarian cysts is not always feasible and requires greater awareness and accuracy. The characteristic laparoscopic differentiation of ovarian cysts is the crossing of vessels over them. Endocystic-endoscopic visualization is a simple, valuable step prior to cystectomy. Bipolar coagulation or extraction of these cysts diagnosed at laparoscopy is easy, not time-consuming, and should be routinely performed in all cases following microsurgical laparoscopic principles.