胸腰椎爆裂骨折中柱损伤特点及相关手术治疗分析

目的通过分析胸腰椎爆裂骨折中柱损伤的病理特点,探讨其与脊髓神经损伤的关系及手术治疗价值。方法对97例胸腰椎爆裂骨折,结合X线片、CT、MRI检查,测量椎管阻塞狭窄率,分析占位骨块形态、移位特征及椎间盘、后纵韧带损伤情况,选择不同手术方式,比较术前术后伤椎压缩百分比和后凸Cobb角及椎管狭窄率、脊髓神经功能恢复情况。结果术后所有患者骨折椎体均得到良好复位,随访6～28个月,4～6个月后88例植骨获得骨性融合,脊髓神经功能Frankel分级有1～3级恢复,术前、术后伤椎压缩百分比、后凸Cobb角及椎管狭窄率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。对合并椎间盘损伤的9例,未做植骨融合,随访发现取除内固定后6例出现椎体高度及Cobb角不同程度丢失。结论胸腰椎爆裂骨折致椎管管径减小与脊髓神经损伤间有相互关系,椎管内不同形态的占位骨块预示着不同程度的瞬间暴力和脊髓神经原发损伤;选择适当的手术方式具有重要的临床价值;椎间盘损伤对脊柱稳定性的潜在影响应予以足够重视。     

经伤椎椎弓根植骨联合AF内固定系统治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折高度丢失的临床疗效

目的总结治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床经验,推广其临床应用。方法 24例单椎体胸腰椎爆裂骨折病例,其中男16例,女8例;年龄20～75岁。损伤节段：T111例,T125例,L18例,L27例,L32例,L41例。伤后至手术时间3～5d,均为爆裂骨折。术前椎管占位率25%～65%。脊柱后凸程度（Cobb角）：14～35°,椎体压缩至正常的10%～55%。Frankel分级：A级2例,B级4例,C级6例,D级5例,E级7例。按置钉→减压→复位→植骨步骤进行。结果随访12～18个月,未发现继发性后突畸形,椎体高度恢复至正常的85%～100%,椎管占位率5%～15%。脊柱后凸程度（Cobb角）：平均3°,Frankel分级：A级1例,B级2例,C级2例,D级4例,E级15例。结论经伤椎椎弓根植骨联合AF内固定系统治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折,可在早期稳定的基础上为伤椎椎体的长期稳定提供物质基础,避免因复位后＂空壳椎体＂的形成,从而减少术后并发症,有临床推广价值。     

钉棒系统治疗胸腰椎骨折35例疗效分析

目的探讨后路椎弓根钉棒系统治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折疗效。方法应用椎弓根钉棒系统经伤椎复位固定和经伤椎椎弓根颗粒植骨和有选择半椎板减压治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折。结果 35例均获得随访,随访时间6~24个月,所有患者椎体高度恢复良好,骨折全部愈合,无钉棒断裂发生。结论应用钉棒系统经伤椎置钉固定和经伤椎植骨椎体复位满意、骨折愈合良好,取得良好治疗效果。     

PKA信号通路参与高糖介导的THP-1细胞G6PD活性改变及呼吸爆发功能障碍

目的观察高糖环境下THP-1细胞葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)活性及呼吸爆发功能改变及其可能信号通路。方法利用蛋白激酶A(PKA)特异性抑制剂PKI和PKA激动剂Forskolin预处理不同浓度葡萄糖培养的THP-1细胞,检测不同处理组的G6PD活性、腺苷酸环化酶(cAMP)含量、ROS产量及磷酸化p47phox的表达变化。结果与正常对照组相比,高糖组及PKA激动组的G6PD活性、ROS产量及磷酸化p47phox的表达减少,cAMP含量明显增加(P<0.01)。PKA抑制组的G6PD活性、cAMP含量及磷酸化p47phox的表达未见明显变化,与正常对照组相比无明显差异(P>0.01)。结论高糖通过激活cAMP-PKA信号通路来抑制G6PD活性,从而影响THP-1细胞的NADPH氧化酶(NOX)的激活,引起呼吸爆发功能障碍,为糖尿病患者白细胞功能低下,抗感染能力降低的可能机制之一。     

经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨结合短节段钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床研究

目的探讨经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨结合短节段钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效。方法选取本院2009年10月～2011年4月收治的胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者34例,采用经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨结合短节段钉棒系统内固定治疗．比较患者治疗前后的临床指标并进行Frankel分级评定。结果患者手术时间为（127．6±14．8）min,术中出血量为（457．9±103．4）mL,术后24h伤口引流量为（264．3±47．2）mL,骨折愈合时间为（15．0~3．6）周。随访1年后,发生感染2例,断钉1例,脊柱曲度异常改变1例,并发症发生率为11．8％。患者术后伤椎前缘高度和伤椎后缘高度均明显大于术前,患者术后Cobb角和椎管容积减少比均明显小于术前,患者术后Frankel分级评定情况明显好于术前,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨结合短节段钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折可以有效增强患者伤椎前中柱的稳定性和抗压能力．手术创伤小且安全性高．术后并发症发生率较低,值得临床推广使用。     

Interdependence of measures in pavlovian conditioned freezing

Pavlovian conditioned freezing is an intensively utilized paradigm that has become a standard model of memory and cognition. Despite its widespread use, the interdependence among each measure commonly reported in fear conditioning studies has not been described. Using mice, we examine the relationship of each common freezing measure (Training Baseline, Post-Shock freezing, Contextual Fear, Tone Baseline, and Tone Fear), as well as baseline locomotor activity measures, to better understand the significance of each. Of particular interest, Post-Shock freezing appears to be a good measure of immediate contextual memory. In contrast, Tone Baseline freezing, as typically measured in a novel context, appears to be contaminated with multiple sources of fear. Finally, Contextual and Tone Fear show a weak interdependence.     

Multimodal transcranial magnetic stimulation: using concurrent neuroimaging to reveal the neural network dynamics of noninvasive brain stimulation

Since its introduction in the 1980s, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a versatile method to non-invasively study human brain function by reversibly altering ongoing neural processing. In addition, TMS has been explored as a therapeutic intervention in a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. However, our understanding of TMS-induced changes in neural activity patterns is still rather limited, particularly when it comes to changes in neural network dynamics beyond the cortical site directly targeted by TMS. In order to monitor both its local and remote neurophysiological effects, TMS has been combined with complementary neuroimaging methods that allow additional insights into how observed TMS effects at the behavioral level can be interpreted by taking into account the full scale of its impact throughout the brain. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing multimodal TMS literature, covering studies in which TMS was combined with one of the three main neuroimaging modalities, namely Electroencephalography, Positron Emission Tomography, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Besides constituting a reflection of the status quo in this exciting multidisciplinary research field, this review additionally reveals both convergent and divergent observations across modalities that await corroboration or resolution, thereby further guiding ongoing basic research and providing useful constraints to optimize future clinical applications.     

体位复位结合内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折37例

[目的]探讨体位复位结合后路器械内固定对胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床疗效。[方法]37例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者,术中采用体位复位结合后路器械内固定矫正整复的方法,观察术前术后椎体高度、骨折椎后凸角、椎管面积、神经功能ASIA损伤分级变化等指标。[结果]所有患者获得6-52个月随访,神经功能ASIA损伤分级：A级1例无恢复,B级3例恢复到C级1例,到D级2例,C级8例恢复到D级2例,到E级6例,D级13例均恢复到E级。[结论]体位复位结合后路器械撑开复位内固定间接减压治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折能够达到很好的骨折块复位、较好的临床效果。     

前后联合入路治疗腰椎三柱不稳定型骨折

目的 探讨前后联合入路治疗严重腰椎三柱不稳定型骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析手术治疗的6例腰椎三柱不稳定型骨折(L_1骨折3例,L_2骨折1例,L_3骨折2例)患者的临床资料.采用后路减压椎弓根螺钉固定结合前路椎体次全切除椎体间植骨融合内固定术.用ASIA标准评定神经功能恢复情况,通过影像学检查比较伤椎和后凸畸形角的矫正及丢失,评估手术疗效情况.结果 随访7～18个月,6例患者术后神经功能,根据美国脊柱脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)分级均恢复1级或1级以上.术前后凸畸形角为30.5～44.6度,术后即刻为3.5～13.2度(P<0.05).术前CT显示椎管内骨块占椎管容积49%～94%,术后<20%(P<0.05).术前伤椎前、后缘高度分别压缩40%、66%,术后为97%、99%(P<0.05).植骨完全融合,融合时问为3～5个月.结论 前后联合入路治疗严重腰椎三柱不稳定性爆裂骨折,可有效恢复椎体高度、腰椎前凸及椎管容积,促进患者功能恢复.     

The potential of a 2Tone Trainer to help patients use their metered-dose inhalers

BACKGROUND: Many patients have problems using the correct inhalation technique when they use their metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). We have investigated whether a training aid (2Tone Trainer [2T]; Canday Medical Ltd; Newmarket, UK) helps to maintain the correct inhaler technique after patients leave the clinic METHODS: Ethics committee approval was obtained, and patients gave consent. Asthmatic patients who had been prescribed an MDI had their inhalation technique assessed. Their peak inhalation flow (PIF) when using their MDI, FEV(1), and the Juniper asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) score were measured. Those patients using the recommended MDI technique were the good-technique (GT) group. The remainder were randomized to receive verbal training (VT) or VT plus the 2T to improve their MDI technique. All patients returned 6 weeks later. RESULTS: There were 36, 35, and 36 asthmatic patients, respectively, who completed the GT, VT, and 2T procedures. FEV1 did not change within all groups between visit 1 and 2. PIF and AQLQ score did not change in the GT group. In the VT and 2T groups, the AQLQ score increased by mean differences of 0.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14 to 0.53; p < 0.001) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.86; p < 0.001). At visit 1, all patients in the VT and 2T groups inhaled > 90 L/min decreasing to 12 patients and 1 patient, respectively, at visit 2 (p < 0.001 both groups). The overall changes in the 2T group for PIF and AQLQ score, between visits 1 and 2, were significantly (p < 0.001) greater than the corresponding changes in the VT group. CONCLUSION: The 2T helps patients to maintain the recommended MDI technique posttraining with improvements in AQLQ score.