组织工程化肌腱研究进展

对组织工程化肌腱领域中目前研究的主要成果进行综述，着重阐述了肌腱细胞外基质替代物、肌腱细胞生物学性质及肌腱细胞与细胞外基质材料复合研究中的主要问题。认为，研制适于肌腱细胞生长、粘附和发挥功能的细胞外基质材料；建立生长、增殖可调控的肌腱细胞系；在模拟体内力学条件下，进行肌腱细胞三维培养，将是研究具有特定修复功能的组织工程化肌腱的重要问题。     

Determination of tissue optical properties by steady-state spatial frequency-domain reflectometry

A new non-invasive method to measure the optical properties of biological tissue is described. This method consists of illuminating the investigated sample with light which is spatially periodically modulated in intensity. The spatial modulation of the backscattered light and the diffuse reflectivity of the sample, both detected with an imaging technique, are used to deduce the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient from a table generated by Monte Carlo simulations. This principle has three major advantages: Firstly, it permits the immediate acquisition of the average values of the optical coefficients over a relatively large area (typ. 20 mm in diameter), thus avoiding the perturbations generated by small tissue heterogeneities; It also provides good flexibility for measuring the optical coefficients at various wavelengths and it does not require the use of a detector with a large dynamic range. The method was first validated on phantoms with known optical properties. Finally, we measured the optical properties of human skin at 400 nm, 500 nm, 633 nm and 700 nm in vivo.     

Tissue distribution metabolism and excretion of 2,2′,4,4′, 5-pentachlorodiphenyl ether in the rat

The tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of ¹⁴C-2,2,4,4,5-pentachlorodiphenyl ether (PCDE) were studied in the rat. Radioactivity was distributed in all tissues examined, with the highest concentrations being found in the fat followed by the skin, liver, kidney and muscle. Most of the radioactivity found in the tissues was due to unchanged PCDE. Decay of PCDE in the blood was fitted to a four-compartment pharmacokinetic model, and the last compartment had a half-life of 5.8 days. A total of 55% and 1.3% of an orally administered dose was excreted in feces and urine, respectively, in 7 days. More than 64% of the fecal radioactivity was due to unchanged PCDE, while hydroxylated PCDE accounted for 23%.     

基于支持向量机的脊柱离体组织电阻抗识别

目的 测量不同脊柱组织的电阻抗,基于支持向量机建立电阻抗数据的组织分类算法并验证算法的准确性,寻找不同组织电阻抗分类阈值。 方法 取离体脊柱组织,应用电化学分析仪采集10~100 kHz频率范围内皮质骨、松质骨、脊髓、肌肉、髓核的电阻抗。将两只猪采集的数据集分别作为训练集和测试集,应用主成分分析降维至二维数据,训练和验证基于支持向量机(SVM)建立的分类算法,应用集成学习的方法计算不同组织分类的电阻抗阈值。 结果 5种组织在10~100 kHz的测量频率内,电阻抗值差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。应用主成分分析降维的数据集建立的支持向量机分类算法识别不同组织的准确率为100%。应用集成学习建立的多个分类器计算出了不同组织的电阻抗分类阈值。 结论 基于支持向量机可以实现脊柱术区组织电阻抗的准确识别,有望应用于临床协助医生提升组织识别准确率。     

Patellofemoral joint cartilage restoration with particulated juvenile allograft in patients under 21 years old

BackgroundPatellofemoral joint cartilage defects are difficult to treat due to their unique thickness and topography.PurposeTo report the postoperative outcomes of patients age 21 and younger treated with particulated juvenile allograft cartilage (PJAC) for full-thickness cartilaginous defects of the patellofemoral joint. The primary aim was to report surgical outcomes and complication rates, as well as return to sport activity. A secondary aim was to provide objective scores of defect restoration by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment.MethodsA retrospective review of all PJAC cases conducted between 2012 and 2019 at a single tertiary care urban musculoskeletal institution was conducted. Patients 21 years old or younger with minimum clinical follow up of 1 year and postoperative MRI at a minimum of 6 months were included. Cartilage restoration by MRI was independently assessed using the International Cartilage Repair Society’s (ICRS) standardized system.ResultsThirty four patients, 36 knees, were included, with mean age 16.1 ± 3.1 years old. Return to sport rate among patients who participated in a sport preoperatively was 100%. On independent MRI assessment, two thirds of defects achieved an overall grade of normal or nearly normal, while 28 patients (78%) had majority defect fill. Primary graft failure occurred in two cases and one patient experienced a surgical complication.ConclusionRestoration of patellofemoral chondral defects in young patients with particulated juvenile allograft results in satisfactory short-term outcomes and postoperative MRI appearance, along with high rates of return to sport and low rate of complications and graft failure.What is known about the subject: Patellofemoral joint cartilage defects are difficult to treat due to their unique thickness and topography. Several cartilage restoration techniques are available, but these rarely achieve the same mechanical properties as native hyaline cartilage. PJAC is a cell-based technique that has demonstrated promise since its introduction in 2007.What this study adds to existing knowledge: This series of patients adds the largest single cohort of pediatric and adolescent patients who receive PJAC for defects of the patellofemoral joint. Surgeons treating patients in this age group should be aware of every technique, and their respective outcomes.     

携带肝细胞生长因子基因重组质粒在大鼠体内的组织分布研究

目的 研究携带肝细胞生长因子基因的重组质粒（pUDKH）经肌肉注射给药后在大鼠体内的组织分布及其与大鼠基因组DNA的整合情况。 方法 二级Wistar大鼠雌雄各20只，按体重和取样时间的不同随机分为12h、24h、3d、7d、14d、21d的各实验组（给予pUDKH，2．0mg／kg）和注射后3d取样的对照组（给予PBS，200ul／只），依次将各组大鼠摘眼球取血后脱臼处死，按脑、心、肺、胸腺、肝、肠系膜淋巴结（MLN）、脾、肾、生殖腺、左腿肌肉、右腿肌肉的顺序取样。经典酚／氯仿抽提法提取各组织总DNA，应用紫外分光光度计测定其浓度和纯度，PCR方法检测其中的D肌动蛋白基因；巢式PCR检测各组织总DNA中pUDKH的分布情况；ApnL I酶切分离pUDKH分布阳性各组织中的pUDKHDNA和基因组DNA，巢式PCR检测pUDKHDNA与基因组DNA的整合情况。 结果 各组织总DNA浓度与纯度均符合实验需要，并适于采用PCR或巢式PCR方法进行体内组织分布及基因组DNA整合情况检测。巢式PCR检测显示，在各时间点的右腿肌肉与外周血、注射后3和7d的肝脏、3和14d的生殖腺、7d的胸腺、7和14d的MLN与左腿肌肉等组织中pUDKH分布均呈阳性，而在各时间点的脑、心、肺、脾、肾等组织中pUDKH分布均呈阴性。pUDKH分布阳性的各组织中均未检测到pUDKHDNA与基因组DNA的整合。 结论 pUDKH经肌肉注射给药后，在各时间点大鼠体内各组织中呈现不同的分布谱。在pUDKH分布阳性的各组织中，pUDKHDNA与基因组DNA发生随机整合的概率较低。     

Ligament tissue engineering: an evolutionary materials science approach

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is important for knee stabilization. Unfortunately, it is also the most commonly injured intra-articular ligament. Due to poor vascularization, the ACL has inferior healing capability and is usually replaced after significant damage has occurred. Currently available replacements have a host of limitations, this has prompted the search for tissue-engineered solutions for ACL repair. Presently investigated scaffolds range from twisted fiber architectures composed of silk fibers to complex three-dimensional braided structures composed of poly (l-lactic acid) fibers. The purpose of these tissue-engineered constructs is to apply approaches such as the use of porous scaffolds, use of cells, and the application of growth factors to promote ligament tissue regeneration while providing mechanical properties similar to natural ligament.     

Dynamic Mechanical Conditioning of Collagen-Gel Blood Vessel Constructs Induces Remodeling In Vitro

Dynamic mechanical conditioning is investigated as a means of improving the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered blood vessel constructs composed of living cells embedded in a collagen-gel scaffold. This approach attempts to elicit a unique response from the embedded cells so as to reorganize their surrounding matrix, thus improving the overall mechanical stability of the constructs. Mechanical conditioning, in the form of cyclic strain, was applied to the tubular constructs at a frequency of 1 Hz for 4 and 8 days. The response to conditioning thus evinced involved increased contraction and mechanical strength, as compared to statically cultured controls. Significant increases in ultimate stress and material modulus were seen over an 8 day culture period. Accompanying morphological changes showed increased circumferential orientation in response to the cyclic stimulus. We conclude that dynamic mechanical conditioning during tissue culture leads to an improvement in the properties of tissue-engineered blood vessel constructs in terms of mechanical strength and histological organization. This concept, in conjunction with a proper biochemical environment, could present a better model for engineering vascular constructs. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Rr, 8714Ee, 8718-h, 8768+z     

Long-term outcomes using vascular grafts sealed with fragmented autologous adipose tissue for aortoiliac occlusive disease

The aim of this study was to test the safety and efficacy of fragmented autologous adipose tissue (FAT) grafts for revascularization in aortoiliac occlusive disease. Twenty-seven patients with atherosclerotic aortoiliac occlusive disease underwent surgical treatment using FAT grafts. A piece of adipose connective tissue was obtained from the operative wound, cut into small pieces, and pressed into the wall of a fabric vascular prosthesis. Cumulative primary patency rates were 92% at 1 year, 92% at 3 years, and 86% at 6 years. Cumulative secondary patency rates were 96%, 96%, and 90% for the same intervals. In this clinical study, the FAT grafts demonstrated good long-term patency rates and no particular problems. This is the first clinical report of long-term outcomes using FAT grafts for aortofemoral or aortoiliac bypasses. FAT grafts are thus safe for revascularization in aortoiliac occlusive disease.     

心脏组织工程瓣脉动流培养系统的设计与构建

自行设计和制造平面和三维立体培养室及贮液室等构件,用医用硅胶管连接;转子泵作为动力源,贮液室通气口供给5%CO2 95%空气,恒温水浴箱保持构件37℃恒温,这样组成了种植细胞与生物瓣支架复合体的脉动培养系统,并进行生物力学和生物相容性测试,为心脏组织工程瓣的体外构建提供研究器材。结果显示,该装置密闭性能好,内环境能保持37±1℃、CO2浓度5%±1%、pH值6.8～7.5;流量在0.125～6.0L/min的范围内任意调节;同种瓣膜上的内皮细胞经2周培养后扩增约10倍;瓣膜支架的细菌和霉菌培养均为阴性,说明我们构建的脉动流培养系统能有效地模拟体内脉动流场实现种植细胞在体外的增殖、重塑,为心脏组织工程瓣的体外构建提供了一种新的实验方法。