Age-related changes in osseous anatomy, alignment, and range of motion of the cervical spine. Part I: Radiographic data from over 1,200 asymptomatic subjects

Purpose

This study aimed to establish radiographic standard values for cervical spine morphometry, alignment, and range of motion (ROM) in both male and female in each decade of life between the 3rd and 8th and to elucidate these age-related changes.

Methods

A total of 1,230 asymptomatic volunteers underwent anteroposterior (AP), lateral, flexion, and extension radiography of the cervical spine. There were at least 100 men and 100 women in each decade of life between the 3rd and 8th. AP diameter of the spinal canal, vertebral body, and disc were measured at each level from the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebra (C2–C7). C2–C7 sagittal alignment and ROM during flexion and extension were calculated using a computer digitizer.

Results

The AP diameter of the spinal canal was 15.8 ± 1.5 [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] mm at the mid-C5 level, and 15.5 ± 2.0 mm at the C5/6 disc level. The disc height was 5.8 ± 1.3 mm at the C5/6 level, which was the minimum height, and the maximum height was at the C6/7 level. Both the AP diameter of the spinal canal and disc height decreased gradually with increasing age. The C2–C7 sagittal alignment and total ROM were 13.9 ± 12.3° in lordosis and 55.3 ± 16.0°, respectively. The C2–C7 lordotic angle was 8.0 ± 11.8° in the 3rd decade and increased to 19.7 ± 11.3 in the 8th decade, whereas the C2–C7 ROM was 67.7 ± 17.0° in the 3rd decade and decreased to 45.0 ± 12.5 in the 8th decade. The extension ROM decreased more than the flexion ROM, and lordotic alignment progressed with increasing age. There was a significant difference in C2–C7 alignment and ROM between men and women.

Conclusions

The standard values and age-related changes in cervical anatomy, alignment, and ROM for males and females in each decade between the 3rd and 8th were established. Cervical lordosis in the neutral position develops with aging, while extension ROM decreases gradually. These data will be useful as normal values for the sake of comparison in clinical practice.     

强直性脊柱炎胸腰段后凸畸形矫形前后影像学参数分析

【摘要】 目的 通过对强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis, AS）僵硬性胸腰段后凸畸形矫形前后影像学参数对比分析及相关性研究,探讨经椎弓根椎体截骨（pedicle subtraction osteotomy,PSO）矫形对矢状面脊柱骨盆序列的影响,进而探究AS后凸患者脊柱骨盆序列的代偿机制。 方法 2004年1月～2010年3月, 38例AS僵硬性胸腰段后凸畸形患者行后路单节段或双节段截骨矫形椎弓根螺钉内固定术。矫形前后拍摄全脊柱侧位X线片,测量AS患者全脊柱后凸角（Cobb T1~S1）、矢状面平衡距离（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）、骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）及截骨角度（PSO angle）。观察矫形前后影像学参数变化,控制影响患者个体差异的因素,将影像学参数做偏相关分析。 结果 矫形前,Cobb T1~S1=56°±28°,PI=45°±9°,PT=38°±13°,SS=7°±12°,SVA=21 cm±9 cm;矫形后,Cobb T1~S1=11°±22°,PI=46°±9°,PT=21°±10°,SS=24°±9°,SVA=9 cm±5 cm。矫形前,PT、SVA与Cobb T1~S1偏相关系数分别为r=0.81（P＜0.01）、0.64（P＜0.01）;矫形后,PT、SVA与Cobb T1S1偏相关系数分别为r=0.58（P＜0.05）、0.72（P＜0.01）。PSO angle与Cobb T1~S1、PT偏相关系数分别为r=－0.82（P＜0.01）、－0.56（P＜0.05）,PSO angle与SVA无相关性。 结论 矫形前后,AS患者通过后旋骨盆代偿全脊柱后凸所致的矢状面失平衡;骨盆后旋程度、矢状面平衡距离与全脊柱后凸程度呈正相关;人体自身代偿机制优先恢复骨盆的中立状态而非改善矢状面平衡距离。     

气管支架置入术治疗气管恶性狭窄的并发症分析

目的探讨应用气管支架治疗气管恶性狭窄的并发症。方法回顾性分析1999年11月—2011年6月在局麻和数字减影血管造影机下应用气管支架治疗气管恶性狭窄的25例患者资料,其中6例置入Z型不锈钢支架,19例置入镍钛记忆合金支架,观察支架相关并发症。结果置入Z型不锈钢支架的6例患者中,所有支架置入后即刻完全扩张,2例出现支架移位,随访期中支架再狭窄3例,其中肿瘤增生性狭窄1例,黏稠痰液阻塞性狭窄1例,支架断裂伴肉芽增生性狭窄1例;置入镍钛记忆合金支架的19例患者中,术中无支架移位,2例即刻完全扩张,17例术后3天～3个月扩张完全,随访期内支架再狭窄2例,其中肿瘤增生性狭窄1例,肉芽增生性狭窄1例。所有患者术后呼吸困难即刻明显改善。结论应用气管支架治疗气管恶性狭窄有一定并发症,但仍是一种作用迅速、效果显著的治疗措施。     

侧方应力摄片测量和膝关节MRI诊断内侧副韧带损伤的临床研究

目的:研究双膝外翻应力位摄片对膝关节内侧副韧带损伤的诊断意义。方法:自2008年1月至2011年6月收治膝关节内侧副韧带损伤46例,31例行手术治疗,15例保守治疗,其中1例保守治疗3个月无效后手术。其中男32例,女14例;年龄28～72岁,平均(49.46±22.54)岁;左膝22例,右膝24例。常规行损伤侧、正常侧的应力位下和非应力位下X线摄片和MRI检查,对于内侧间隙明显增宽和MRI表现有深层断裂及后交叉韧带损伤的择期行切开内侧副韧带行缝合或重建术。以胫骨平台内侧髁和外侧髁作一条连线记为A线,将此线向上平移至股骨内侧髁最内缘记为B线,然后测量这2条线的垂直距离记为C。间隙差比值(R)计算方法为(患侧应力下间隙-患侧无应力下间隙)/(健侧应力下间隙-健侧无应力下间隙)。总结R值区间与术中所见韧带损伤种类的关系。结果:46例中17例有韧带浅层撕裂,21例深层断裂,8例合并有后关节囊或后交叉韧带断裂,当比值介于1.51～5.24时,内侧副韧带损伤表现为浅层撕裂的有15例,实际损伤为17例,诊断正确率为88.24%;当比值介于5.28～13.85时,表现为深层断裂的有19例,实际损伤为21例,诊断正确率为90.48%;当比值介于15.61～26.25时,表现为合并后关节囊或交叉韧带断裂的有7例,实际损伤为8例,诊断正确率为87.50%。结论:以膝关节受伤侧关节间隙差值与正常侧差值的比值作为衡量标准,可以提供膝关节内侧副韧带损伤的量化分级。     

Bilateral Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: Case Report and Literature Review

Buccal bifurcation cyst (BBC) is a rare inflammatory odontogenic cyst that typically occurs at the buccal region of the first or second mandibular molars of children. In the current case, a 9-year-old boy complained of an extraoral soft tissue painful swelling. Intraoral examination revealed a partial eruption of the right permanent mandibular first molar with drainage of purulent material and clinical absence of the left mandibular first molar. Panoramic radiographic and computed tomography showed two well-defined areas surrounding the mandibular first molars consistent with cystic lesions. Surgical enucleations were performed and histopathologic analysis revealed inflammatory cysts. Based on the clinical, microscopic, radiographic, and CT images, the diagnosis of bilateral BBC was established. Patient has been under follow-up for about 1 year showing normal bone repair and eruption of the involved teeth. Although BBC is uncommon, it is important to recognize this entity.     

Evaluation of vertical traction radiography for predicting the outcome of moderate to severe rigid scoliosis correction

Objective: To determine the efficacy of imaging patients in a state of traction (“traction imaging”) for selection of upper and lower vertebrae to undergo instrumentation (UIV and LIV, respectively) to correct moderate to severe, rigid scoliosis. Methods: Twenty‐seven patients aged 11–21 years (average, 15.5 years) who had been treated at our institution for scoliosis of the thoracic spine between 2004 and 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with the third multiple hook‐screw and rod instrumentation system. Standardized radiographic measurements (anteroposterior, sagittal, bending, fulcrum, traction) were taken and Cobb's angles, apical vertebra translation (AVT), and traction‐stable vertebrae determined. Results: All patients were followed for 6–36 months (average, 14.7 months). The Cobb's angles under preoperative vertical traction correlated positively with those measured postoperatively in standing anteroposterior film (P < 0.01). Preoperative AVT under vertical traction was significantly different from that measured postoperatively in standing anteroposterior film (P < 0.01). The traction radiography‐determined UIV slant angles were significantly different from those preoperatively without traction and the postoperative values, whereas traction radiography‐determined LIV values were not significantly different from those found preoperatively without traction (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Traction radiographic imaging is an effective, feasible preoperative assessment for determining which vertebrae are stable, designing the surgical strategy and choosing the UIV and LIV for correcting moderate to severe, rigid scoliosis.     

骨斑点症影像诊断(附1家族4代6例和散发3例报告)

目的 :分析骨斑点症的影像学表现及其诊断要点。方法 :回顾性分析9例骨斑点症患者的临床及影像学资料,其中家族性病例6例,散发性病例3例。家族性病例中,男4例,女2例,年龄10~63岁,平均28岁;1例临床表现为左膝关节疼痛、活动受限3年,5例无临床症状。散发性病例中,男2例,女1例,年龄25~44岁,平均33.7岁;3例均有明确的外伤史,随访6~12个月。观察9例患者的影像学结果。结果:6例家族性骨斑点症影像学表现为骨内多发边缘清晰、密度均匀的圆形、类圆形的致密结节,大小不一,发好于管状骨的干骺端、骨骺及腕骨、跗骨。3例散发性骨斑点症的影像学表现与家族性病例相仿,6~12个月后复查X线片示病灶无明显变化。结论:骨斑点症的典型影像学特征,如骨内多发斑点状致密灶,边界清楚,双侧基本对称,病灶位于骨端松质内,骨干通常不受累等,对疾病的正确诊断有一定的临床价值。     

国产机械可脱式弹簧圈介入治疗的动物试验及临床应用

目的 通过国产机械可脱式弹簧圈（ＭＤＳ）的动物试验及临床初步应用,观察其操作性能及致血凝性。方法 利用中国白兔建立分叉部位动脉瘤模型,２周后进行国产机械可脱式弹簧圈的栓塞。５个动脉瘤共使用弹簧圈２４枚。２￣３周后造影复查,并处死动物,滠出动脉瘤标本进行病理检查。临床应用于１０例患者的栓塞,其中动脉瘤７例,外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ＣＣＦ）２例,海锦窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（ＤＡＶＦ）１例。共使用弹簧圈１４     

长骨骨肿瘤良恶性X线评分系统的临床应用价值

目的:评估自创长骨骨肿瘤良恶性X线评分系统的临床诊断价值。方法:收集126例长骨骨肿瘤或者瘤样病变患者的术前X线平片,利用自创骨肿瘤良恶性X线评分系统进行病变良恶性判断,并与术后病理诊断对比,统计评分系统诊断恶性、侵袭性及良性骨肿瘤的敏感度、特异度及准确度。结果:骨肿瘤良恶性X线评分系统诊断恶性、侵袭性及良性骨肿瘤的敏感度分别为96.88%、56.76%和96.49%;特异度分别为100%、96.62%、76.81%;准确度分别为99.20%、84.92%、85.71%。结论:长骨骨肿瘤良恶性X线评分系统能定量评价骨肿瘤的良恶性,方法简便有效。