Image-Guided Neurosurgery: History and Current Clinical Applications

Image-guided neuronavigation systems provide the ability to accurately visualize surgical targets during operative procedures. Previously, neurosurgeons were limited to viewing intracranial lesions on preoperative radiologic images and using anatomic landmarks to orient themselves during surgery. Neuronavigation systems allow neurosurgeons to directly relate preoperative imaging of local craniospacial anatomy to identified operative anatomy to improve surgical accuracy. In addition, these systems are used in preoperative planning to evaluate surgical risks, select the best interventional method, and decide on the optimal trajectory for a surgical procedure. Recent improvements in medical imaging over the past few decades have led to great advancements in neurosurgery. Surgeons are now able to visualize the location of a brain lesion more accurately, and new imaging modalities allow for the identification of many lesions that had been poorly defined by older imaging methods. The combination of neuronavigation with newer imaging modalities permits surgeons to perform a more complete removal of brain and spinal cord pathologies and helps to avoid damage to important local anatomic structures, resulting in decreased patient morbidity and mortality. This review outlines the history of neuronavigation and discusses new imaging modalities that are being incorporated into current navigation systems used in operating rooms today.     

颅面骨纤维结构不良致视神经管狭窄的手术治疗

目的 探索颅面骨纤维结构不良所致的视神经管狭窄的手术治疗策略。方法 回顾性分析2012年8月至2017年9月收治的18例颅面骨纤维结构不良所致的视神经管狭窄的手术病例,总结分析其临床表现、影像学表现、手术方法和结果。结果 7例患者接受治疗性视神经管减压,5例患者接受预防性视神经管减压,6例患者单纯接受骨纤切除整复。随访结果显示,12例行视神经管减压手术患者中,3例视力改善,7例保持稳定,2例视力恶化。结论 对于颅面骨纤维结构不良导致的视神经管狭窄、视力障碍,视神经管减压手术能有效终止视力恶化趋势,并有改善视力的可能。使用神经导航技术进行术前设计与术中辅助,可有效提高手术效率及安全性,降低视神经损伤、视力恶化风险。     

多模态影像融合辅助手术治疗听神经瘤

目的在多模态影像融合技术辅助下手术治疗听神经瘤,以提高肿瘤的全切除率和神经功能的保留率,初步实现听神经瘤的“精准”手术治疗。方法回顾性纳入2016年1月至8月解放军总医院神经外科在多模态影像融合技术辅助下手术治疗的听神经瘤患者,共30例。患者术前均采用循环相位稳态采集快速成像（FIESTA—C）和弥散张量成像（DTI）技术重建面神经,术中显微镜下验证所重建面神经位置的准确性。将重建的面神经、内听道水成像、颞骨薄层CT扫描重建并进行多模态融合,判断肿瘤与周围结构的关系。CT导航下确定内听道后壁的准确位置及需要磨除的范围,术中持续应用神经电生理监测。结果30例患者中,面神经重建成功率为100．0％,与实际位置符合率为93．3％（28／30）。17例进行导航,导航注册误差为0．30～0．92mm,平均（0．47±0．15）mm。39例中,肿瘤全切除28例（93．3％）,次全切除2例（6．7％）;面神经解剖保留28例（93．3％）,功能保留26例（86．7％）。术前均为不可用听力,术后无听力保留及改善。围手术期无死亡患者,无脑脊液漏、术区血肿及后组脑神经损伤症状。结论采用多模态影像融合技术辅助手术治疗听神经瘤可以提高肿瘤的全切除率和面神经功能的保留率,减少手术相关并发症。     

神经导航及内镜在慢性硬膜下血肿治疗中应用效果分析

目的探究慢性硬膜下血肿术中采用神经导航和内镜的应用效果。 方法选取深圳市人民医院神经外科自2014年6月至2018年6月收治的硬膜下血肿患者116例,根据患者术中应用设备情况分成常规手术治疗组（64例）与神经导航内镜辅助组（52例）。于术后1周复查,比较2组患者的血肿复发、血肿残留、颅内积气的情况;术后1个月复查,对比2组患者的血肿复发残留情况。 结果患者术后1周进行CT复查,常规手术治疗组部分血肿残留19例、血肿消失45例,神经导航内镜辅助组部分血肿残留7例、血肿消失45例,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.037）。常规手术治疗组硬膜下积液、积气6例,无积液、积气58例;神经导航内镜辅助组硬膜下积液、积气4例,无积液、积气48例;2组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.748）。患者术后1个月进行CT复查,常规手术治疗组血肿残留或复发11例、血肿消失53例;神经导航内镜辅助组血肿残留或复发3例、血肿消失49例,差异有统计学意义（P=0.038）。 结论应用神经导航及内镜辅助进行慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术,可提高血肿完全清除率,并降低远期血肿复发率,具有一定的应用价值。     

轻度认知损害患者空间导航能力相关皮质下核团体积研究

目的探讨轻度认知损害患者皮质下核团体积与空间导航能力之间的关系。方法采用计算机空间导航障碍测试系统测试30例轻度认知损害患者和性别、年龄、受教育程度相匹配的28例正常对照者空间导航能力,FreeSurfer 5.3.0软件对三维T1WI图像进行结构分割,计算皮质下核团(双侧丘脑、尾状核、壳核、苍白球、海马、杏仁体和伏隔核)体积以及全脑体积。Pearson相关分析分析空间导航能力与皮质下核团体积的相关性。结果轻度认知损害患者混合(环境参照和自我参照)导航(P=0.034)、自我参照导航(P=0.004)、环境参照导航(P=0.011)误差距离均大于正常对照者,而双侧丘脑(P=0.953,0.250)、尾状核(P=0.938,0.672)、壳核(P=0.421,0.912)、苍白球(P=0.446,0.360)、海马(P=0.545,0.647)、杏仁体(P=0.565,0.993)、伏隔核(P=0.271,0.796)和全脑(P=0.567)体积组间差异无统计学意义。Pearson相关分析显示,轻度认知损害患者混合(环境参照和自我参照)导航误差距离与左侧苍白球(r=-0.284,P=0.034)和左侧海马(r=-0.265,P=0.048)体积呈负相关,环境参照导航误差距离与左侧壳核体积呈负相关(r=-0.305,P=0.022)。结论轻度认知损害患者空间导航能力与皮质下核团体积相关,对进一步研究空间导航障碍的发生机制具有重要意义。     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路神经内镜下切除垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨神经内镜在经鼻蝶入路手术切除垂体腺瘤术中的应用价值和术中注意事项。方法 回顾性分析221 例垂体腺瘤手术病例的临床资料。手采用经单侧鼻孔蝶窦入路内镜下切除肿瘤,必要时在导航确认下进行。术后3个月复查头颅增强MRI判断肿瘤切除情况。结果 术中无定位错误病例,无大的血管和神经损伤病例。肿瘤全切除178例,次全切除37例,大部切除6例。术后死亡3例。术后无永久性尿崩和脑脊液漏病例,2例围手术期鼻腔大出血,治疗后好转。术前视力和视野障碍病人术后无恶化。结论 内镜结合导航经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤创伤小,导航可增加手术安全性和扩大手术适应症;充分的术前准备和规范的术中操作是预防术后并发症、提高手术疗效的关键。     

神经节细胞胶质瘤伴癫痫21例临床分析

目的分析神经节细胞胶质瘤并癫痫的临床特点及影响发作控制结果的因素,并探讨其手术治疗策略。方法回顾2007年至2010年间21例神经节细胞胶质瘤并癫痫患者的临床资料,并统计分析各因素对发作控制结果的影响。结果 21例中,病变手术全切除17例,大部切除4例。10例联合癫痫灶处理。术后3例肢体轻偏瘫,1例部分性视野缺损。发作控制:EngleⅠ级15例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级1例。术后无发作(EngleⅠ级)与性别、病变是否全切相关,而与起病年龄、病程、发作类型、是否位于颞叶、是否难治性、病理级别、手术方式(单纯切除还是结合癫痫灶处理)等无明显相关性。结论对神经节细胞胶质瘤伴癫痫患者,应在保障安全前提下尽可能全切,必要时结合神经导航、术中唤醒皮层电刺激功能区定位或颅内电极等技术,对顽固性癫痫应同时处理癫痫灶;神经节细胞胶质瘤手术后发作控制相对良好。     

导航引导下内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除鞍上区和第三脑室内颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨导航引导下完全内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除位于鞍上区和第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的可行性和有效性.方法 采用内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路、术中导航引导下切除3例位于鞍上区和第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤.结果 3例颅咽管瘤全切,手术效果好.术后随访10-14个月,患者生活正常,需要激素替代治疗.结论 内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路可以安全有效地切除位于鞍上区、第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤,这种手术方式不需要牵拉脑组织,并能完全暴露视交叉后、下方区域,在直视下操作,有利于对下丘脑、垂体柄及其他重要结构的保护.对于选择性的颅咽管瘤病例,内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路是切除肿瘤的一种新型微创手术入路.神经导航可以验证解剖标记点,引导手术方向,增加手术安全性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of image -guided extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach(EEETA) for the removal of craniopharyngiomas in the suprasellar region and third ventricle. Method A pure EEETA with image -guided system was used. Three patients with a craniopharyngioma involving the suprasellar region and third ventricle were treated. Results Total craniopharyngioma removal was achieved in three cases. All the patients recovered uneventfully. The follow - up study was carried out for 10 to 14 months with good outcomes. Compensatory endocrine substitution therapy was needed in all of them. Conclusions The EEETA for removal of craniopharyngiomas in the suprasellar region and third ventricle is feasible and effective. It has the advantages of no needing for brain retraction,offering panoramic view of retrochiasmatic and infrachiasmatic regions,manipulating under direct vision and protecting hypothalamus,pituitary stalk and other vital structures. The EEETA is a novel and minimally invasive approach for selected cases of craniopharyngioma. Neuronavigation plays an important role in identifying anatomic landmarks,guiding surgical direction and increasing safety of the operations.     

The combination of neuronavigation with transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of opercular gliomas of the dominant brain hemisphere

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with neuronavigation for preoperative mapping of the language area in neurosurgical interventions on the opercular area of the dominant hemisphere.

Methods

Five patients were operated upon gliomas in the opercular area. For localization of the speech area a transcranial magnetic stimulator MEDTRONIC-MagPro was used. BrainLAB-VectorVision Neuronavigation system was utilized for precise planning of the operative approach.

Results

Gross total resection was achieved in all patients. Three-month postoperative follow-up was done. Three of the patients had a transient postoperative motor aphasia which resolved within 1 month.

Conclusion

This method is useful for preoperative localization of the speech area, as well as preoperative planning of the operative approach and intra-operative planning of the direction of brain retraction and operative corridor.     

多模态辅助下经纵裂-胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间-第三脑室入路的解剖学研究

目的　研究在导航引导下经纵裂-胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间-第三脑室的解剖入路,探讨神经导航在优化此入路的操作方法及其具体应用价值。 方法　选用5例成人尸头标本,模拟经纵裂-胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间-第三脑室的入路,并在神经导航下通过神经内镜及显微镜对入路途径中的相关结构进行解剖学观察以及相应数据的测量, 并进行统计学分析。 结果　通过将5例标本的标本解剖测量数据与导航上测量数据进行统计学分析,发现其所得P值均大于0.05,这说明标本解剖测量数据与导航上测量数据并无统计学差异,也说明神经导航可以精确指导该入路。 结论　导航引导下可以实现对胼胝体的精准切开、对透明隔及穹窿等重要解剖结构的可靠识别和精细操作,优化先前的手术入路,以减轻脑组织损伤,提高手术的可靠性。