Fluoride in drinking water and diet: the causative factor of chronic kidney diseases in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka

A significant number of people in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka suffer from chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and the author revisits existing literature related to CKD to find its causative factor. There is a direct connection between high fluoride levels in drinking water and kidney disease, and there are unhealthy levels of fluoride in the groundwater in Sri Lanka’s CKD-affected areas. Based on the following observations, the author believes with confidence that excess fluoride in drinking water and in the locally grown food in the affected areas are the culprits of CKD in Sri Lanka.

• Fluoride excretion rate is considerably lower in children than adults, leading to renal damage of children living in areas with high fluoride.
• Adults who had renal damage due to fluoride in childhood are vulnerable to CKD with continued consumption of water from the same source.
• Patients with chronic renal insufficiency are at an increased risk of chronic fluoride toxicity.
• High content of fluoride in groundwater paves the way to excess fluoride in local food crops, consequently adding more fluoride to the systems of the consumers.
• People who work outdoors for prolonged periods consume excess water and tea, and are subjected to additional doses of fluoride in their system.
• In the mid-1980s, the increase in water table levels of the affected areas due to new irrigation projects paved the way to adding more fluorides to their system through drinking water and locally grown foods.

     

腹腔双套管两种不同冲洗方式引流效果的观察

目的：探讨腹腔双套管两种不同冲洗方式在肝胆胰手术后引流效果比较。方法：将80例肝胆胰术后放置双套管引流的患者随机分为对照组和观察组各40例,对照组采用冲洗管接生理盐水间断冲洗,观察组冲洗管接生理盐水匀速滴入。结果：观察组患者术后引流管堵管率(7.5%)低于对照组(30%),差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组腹腔双套管平均留置时间(4天)低于对照组(5天),差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：腹腔双套管冲洗匀速滴入方式引流效果优于间断冲洗方式。     

The paddy, the vector and the caregiver: lessons from an ecosystem approach to irrigation and malaria in Northern Côte d'Ivoire

Malaria is one of the most serious public health problems in the world. For the last few decades, numerous studies have focused on the potential links between environmental transformations (such as the expansion of irrigation) and malaria occurrence. Most of these studies have been based on relatively simple models outlining the interactions of the host-vector-parasite triad. In this paper, we investigate the links between the intensification of irrigated rice cultivation and malaria. In an attempt to complement biomedical and entomological approaches we propose a model that recognises the influence of human-vector contacts on transmission processes, but stresses the importance of taking into consideration socio-economic and cultural factors in the management of disease episodes, and how these can be affected by transformations of natural resource management strategies. Using a case study in Northern C?te d'Ivoire, we investigated the complex mechanisms by which agriculture-generated changes in ecosystems and socio-economic organisation influence disease risks and produce new scenarios in the management of disease. Our results show that the socio-economic transformation and gender repositioning induced, or facilitated, by the intensification of lowland irrigated rice cultivation influence the health care system for malaria in the study area. They lead to a reduction of the capacity of women to manage malaria episodes among children and influence their vulnerability to the disease. We argue that these elements contribute to higher malaria prevalence in villages involved in double cropping of rice annually.     

环孢素A对积水肾脏急性压力灌注损伤的保护

目的 在不同程度肾脏积水的前提下,观察线粒体渗透性转换孔(MPTP)抑制剂环孢素A(CsA)对于急性压力灌注所致损伤的保护作用.方法 健康新西兰大白兔20只,随机分为轻度积水组(M组,n=10)和重度积水组(S组,n=10),肾脏轻度积水及重度积水模型采用输尿管套扎法构建.M组及S组分为M1、M2、S1、S24个亚组,分别予以60、100、20、60 mmHg(1mmHg=0.133 kPa)压力灌注.灌注前M组及S组均给予CsA灌胃1周.灌注后48 h取标本,检测标本中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,JC-1染色检测线粒体膜电位(MMP)的变化.结果 M1、M2、S1、S2各组SOD活力分别为(30.11±2.23)、(28.41 ±2.26)、(44.82±6.61)、(40.31±5.21) U/mg,M1与M2之间SOD活力差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),S1与S2之间SOD活力差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);MDA的含量分别为(0.61 ±0.17)、(0.60±0.15)、(0.95 ±0.26)、(0.80±0.32) nmol/mg,M1与M2之间MDA含量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),S1与S2之间MDA含量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).JC-1染色橙红色阳性细胞百分比分别为(67.16±9.47)％、(60.75±11.89)％、(41.08 ±4.50)％、(42.36 ±3.44)％.M1与M2比较,S1与S2比较,阳性细胞百分比差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CsA对于积水肾脏因急性压力灌注所致的损伤有一定的保护作用.在经皮肾镜及输尿管镜治疗结石前给予MPTP抑制剂可有效减轻压力灌注所致损伤.     

A malaria risk analysis in an irrigated area in Sri Lanka

Malaria in Sri Lanka is unstable and epidemic, with large spatial and temporal differences in transmission dynamics. The disease is of great public health significance and identification of underlying risk factors is important in order to use the limited resources in a cost-effective way. The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) recently launched a project of GIS-based malaria risk mapping in Sri Lanka, to investigate whether this tool could be used for epidemic forecasting and for the planning of malaria control activities. This paper presents results for the Uda Walawe region in southern Sri Lanka, an irrigated agricultural area where malaria cases were mapped at the smallest administrative level for each month over a 10-year period. Malaria incidence rates were related to land- and water-use patterns, socio-economic features, and data on malaria control interventions in a multivariate analysis. Areas of high malaria risk were characterized by: (i) higher than average rainfall, (ii) greater forest coverage; (iii) slash and burn cultivation as a predominant agricultural activity; (iv) presence of many abandoned irrigation reservoirs; and (v) poor socio-economic status. Irrigated rice cultivation areas had a lower risk of malaria than non-irrigated areas. This difference could be due to socio-economic factors related to irrigation development and/or transmission dynamics related to vector density or species composition. Our findings call for malaria control strategies that are readily adapted to different ecological and epidemiological settings. Malaria risk maps are a convenient tool for discussing targeted and cost-effective interventions with disease control personnel.     

前路病灶清除植骨内固定结合局部灌洗化疗治疗下颈椎结核伴巨大脓肿

目的:评价前路病灶清除植骨内固定结合术后异烟肼生理盐水持续灌洗局部化疗治疗下颈椎结核伴巨大脓肿的临床疗效.方法:2001年6月～2010年6月收治下颈椎结核伴巨大脓肿患者13例,男8例,女5例;年龄28～62岁,平均44岁.病变累及部位:C3～C4 2例,C4～C5 3例,C5～C6 4例,C5 2例,C6 2例;脓肿累及节段:C3～C6 5例,C3～C7 3例,C4～C7 4例,C4～T1 1例.患者均存在颈部疼痛和不同程度的吞咽及呼吸困难,术前颈部疼痛VAS评分7～10分(8.1±1.3分).10例出现神经功能障碍,JOA评分5～12分(8.3±1.7分).术前血沉78±12mm/h,C反应蛋白65±17mg/L.均在全身抗结核药物治疗下采用颈前路结核病灶清除、钛网填充自体髂骨植骨内固定,术后异烟肼生理盐水持续局部灌洗化疗,并继续全身抗结核治疗12～18个月.随访观察患者临床症状改善、脓肿清除和植骨融合情况.结果:手术均顺利完成,所有患者无术中及术后并发症,术后异烟肼生理盐水持续灌洗14～26d,平均18d.未出现窦道、瘘管和脑脊膜感染.随访24～72个月,平均42个月,血沉和C反应蛋白在术后3个月内均恢复正常,手术节段在3～7个月(平均5.8个月)均得到骨性融合.颈部疼痛VAS评分末次随访时为0～3分(1.5±0.7分),与术前比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).末次随访时JOA评分为12～17分(14.6±1.5分),与术前比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).末次随访复查MRI均未见结核复发.结论:在全身规范抗结核药物治疗的前提下,采用前路病灶清除植骨内固定结合术后持续局部灌洗化疗治疗下颈椎结核伴巨大脓肿安全有效,临床效果满意.     

Evaluation of 3 Methods of Bladder Irrigation to Treat Bacteriuria in Persons With Neurogenic Bladder

Abstract

Background/Objective: We conducted a randomized, double-blind comparison of twice daily bladder irrigation using 1 of 3 different solutions in community-residing persons with neurogenic bladder who used indwelling catheters to evaluate efficacy in treatment of bacteriuria.

Methods: Eighty-nine persons with bacteriuria were randomized to irrigate their bladders twice daily for 8 weeks with 30 mL of (a) sterile saline, (b) acetic acid, or (c) neomycin-polymyxin solution. Urinalysis, cultures, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed at baseline and weeks 2, 4, and 8 to determine the extent to which each of the solutions affected numbers and types of bacteria, urinary pH, urinary leukocytes, and generation of antimicrobial-resistant organisms.

Results: Bladder irrigation was well tolerated with the exception of 3 participants who had bladder spasms. None of the 3 irrigants had a detectable effect on the degree of bacteriuria or pyuria in 52 persons who completed the study protocol. A significant increase in urinary pH occurred in all 3 groups. No significant development of resistance to oral antimicrobials beyond what was observed at baseline was detected.

Conclusions: Bladder irrigation was generally well tolerated for 8 weeks. No advantages were detected for neomycin-polymyxin or acetic acid over saline in terms of reducing the urinary bacterial load and inflammation. We cannot recommend bladder irrigation as a means of treatment for bacteriuria in persons with neurogenic bladder.     

封闭负压引流联合灌注冲洗治疗四肢骨折内固定术后感染

目的 :探讨封闭负压引流联合灌注冲洗治疗四肢骨折内固定术后感染的临床疗效。方法 :自2010年3月至2015年6月,采用封闭负压引流联合灌注冲洗治疗10例四肢骨折内固定术后感染患者,男7例,女3例;年龄11~58岁,平均34.4岁;病程1~8个月,平均4.8个月。尺桡骨骨折术后感染4例,胫腓骨骨折术后感染3例,跟骨骨折术后感染2例,股骨骨折术后感染1例。10例中开放性骨折术后感染8例,闭合性骨折术后感染2例。采用封闭负压引流联合灌注冲洗,结合全身及局部抗生素使用,换药或植皮。观察感染创面控制愈合速度和时间、负压封闭引流敷料(VSD)更换次数及原感染灶有无复发等。结果:所有患者术后感染得到控制,伤口换药或植皮后愈合,无骨髓炎并发症发生,治疗时间29~45 d,平均38.4 d;更换VSD的次数1~4次,平均2.2次。10例患者均获得随访,时间1年,未见复发。结论:封闭负压引流联合灌注冲洗技术治疗四肢骨折术后感染能有效促进感染伤口的生长和愈合,缩短愈合时间,是治疗四肢骨折内固定术后感染的有效方法。     

超声龈下刮治联合同步1%聚维酮碘液龈下冲洗治疗牙周炎的效果分析

目的探讨超声龈下刮治联合同步1%聚维酮碘液龈下冲洗治疗牙周炎的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2011—2013年口腔科收治的164例牙周炎患者的资料,将患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各82例。两组患者均进行全口洁治、龈下超声刮治及根面平整,观察组患者同步1%聚维酮碘液龈下冲洗治疗,对照组患者用0.9%氯化钠溶液冲洗,比较两组患者治疗后3、6个月牙周袋探诊深度（PD）、龈沟出血指数（SBI）、菌斑指数（PLI）,黑色素类杆菌量和厌氧菌总数。结果两组患者治疗前、后PD、PLI、SBI比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;治疗后观察组PD、PLI、SBI、黑色素类杆菌量和厌氧菌总数与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论超声龈下刮治联合同步1%聚维酮碘液龈下冲洗治疗牙周炎,能较长时间控制龈下菌斑,改善牙周炎症情况,疗效满意,值得在临床推广。