Challenges in comparing the acute cognitive outcomes of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) vs. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in major depression: A systematic review

The present study aimed to systematically compare the cognitive outcomes of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in head-to-head studies with major depression (MDD) patients. A systematic literature search identified six studies with 219 MDD patients that were too heterogeneous to reliably detect meaningful differences in acute cognitive outcomes after ECT vs. HF-rTMS. Cognitive effects of brain stimulation vary depending on the timeframe and methods of assessment, stimulation parameters, and maintenance treatment. Thus, acute and longer-term differences in cognitive outcomes both need to be investigated at precisely defined timeframes and with similar instruments assessing comparable functions.     

MRI及DTI评估大鼠血管性认知障碍

目的 探讨早期诊断血管性认知障碍（VCI）的影像学指标。方法 将30只SD大鼠分为模型组（20只）和对照组（10只）,对模型组采用改良四血管法建立VCI大鼠模型,对照组行假手术处理,通过Morris水迷宫检测大鼠认知功能变化。于建模后2周、1个月、3个月、5个月对2组大鼠行MR T2W和DTI扫描,利用手动分割ROI的方法分析海马体积及FA值变化;利用基于体素分析方法（VBA）分析大鼠FA值下降的脑区。最后处死大鼠,取脑组织切片进行HE和尼氏染色,观察海马区神经细胞受损情况。结果 模型组大鼠的学习和记忆能力较对照组降低。与对照组相比,模型组大鼠术后3、5个月海马体积萎缩,且海马区FA值明显减低（P均<0.05）。VBA分析结果显示,建模后1、3、5个月多处脑区FA值显著下降,且下降区域范围随时间延长逐渐扩大。病理结果显示,海马区锥体细胞排列紊乱、结构模糊,尼氏小体溶解、消失。结论 观察大鼠海马体积以及微观白质变化有助于早期诊断VCI;大脑FA值可作为早期诊断VCI以及评估严重程度的观察指标。     

静息态fMRI观察终末期肾病患者大脑自发神经活动异常与认知障碍的相关性

目的 采用静息态fMRI（rs-fMRI）低频振荡振幅算法（ALFF）观察终末期肾病（ESRD）患者大脑自发神经活动改变及其与认知功能障碍的相关性。方法 对28例ESRD患者（ESRD组）和25名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）行rs-fMRI。对所有受试者均行蒙特利尔认知量表（MoCA）评估,并采集ESRD组患者血肌酐和尿素水平。以统计参数图（SPM 8）及REST 1.4软件分析2组受试者fMRI数据,得到平均ALFF图,获得组间ALFF值差异脑区,并提取其平均ALFF值。对ALEF值与MoCA评分及血肌酐、尿素氮水平进行Pearson相关分析。结果 ESRD组MoCA评分显著低于对照组（P=0.006）。与对照组比较,ESRD组双侧额中回、双侧额内侧回、右侧额上回、双侧楔前叶、双侧额下回、双侧尾状核、双侧扣带回、左侧枕中回和双侧颞中回平均ALFF值减低（P均<0.001,FDR校正）,未见平均ALFF值增高脑区。ESRD患者左侧额中回（r=0.68,P<0.001,FDR校正）及左侧颞中回（r=0.59,P<0.001,FDR校正）平均ALFF值与MoCA评分呈正相关,ESRD组各差异脑区平均ALFF值与血肌酐、尿素水平均无明显相关性（P均>0.05）。结论 ESRD患者存在整体认知障碍,且与左侧额中回及颞中回自发脑功能异常密切相关,可为观察ESRD患者在维持性透析过程中的认知功能障碍提供影像学标记。     

主观认知减退影像学研究进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是老年期痴呆的最常见类型。早期诊断AD对于延缓病情进展、改善患者预后十分重要。目前AD研究热点已前移到临床前期,即主观认知减退（SCD）阶段,故采用生物学标记预测SCD是否进展为AD十分必要。本文对SCD的影像学研究进展进行综述。     

临床医生对医学信息的认知情况分析

对四川省三级医院、二级医院、基层医疗卫生机构610名临床医生进行问卷调查,结果显示四川省临床医生对医学信息的认知不足、学习时间较少、学习途径仍以教科书为主、不同职称医生对医学信息掌握有差异。对此需加强信息素质教育,增强其主动获取医学信息的意识。     

医务人员对卫生技术评估的认知分析

为了解医务人员对卫生技术评估的认知,采用现场问卷调查与访谈相结合的方法,对山西省三级综合类医院的医务人员进行调查,从卫生技术评估知晓度、接受培训的意愿、支持意愿、知识获取渠道、期待的职能等方面对结果进行分析,在此基础上指出存在的问题并提出发展建议。     

Neuroimaging and Cognitive Evidence for Combined HIV-Alcohol Effects on the Central Nervous System: A Review

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) among people living with HIV (PLWH) is a significant public health concern. Despite the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy, up to 50% of PLWH still experience worsened neurocognition, which comorbid AUD exacerbates. We report converging lines of neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence linking comorbid HIV/AUD to dysfunction in brain regions linked to executive function, learning and memory, processing speed, and motor control, and consequently to impairment in daily life. The brain shrinkage, functional network alterations, and brain metabolite disruption seen in individuals with HIV/AUD have been attributed to several interacting pathways: viral proteins and EtOH are directly neurotoxic and exacerbate each other’s neurotoxic effects; EtOH reduces antiretroviral adherence and increases viral replication; AUD and HIV both increase gut microbial translocation, promoting systemic inflammation and HIV transport into the brain by immune cells; and HIV may compound alcohol’s damaging effects on the liver, further increasing inflammation. We additionally review the neurocognitive effects of aging, Hepatitis C coinfection, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, tobacco use, and nutritional deficiencies, all of which have been shown to compound cognitive changes in HIV, AUD, and in their comorbidity. Finally, we examine emerging questions in HIV/AUD research, including genetic and cognitive protective factors, the role of binge drinking in HIV/AUD-linked cognitive decline, and whether neurocognitive and brain functions normalize after drinking cessation.     

高原外训军人心理健康、认知因素与急性高山病的相关性

目的:探讨高原外训军人心理健康、认知因素与急性高山病的相关性。方法:采用基本信息问卷、Lake Louise急性高山病评分量表(AMS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对191名急进高原进行高原适应性训练的军人施以团体测验。结果:研究样本SCL-90的躯体化因子显著高于全国正常成人常模(t=5.019,P0.001)。AMS症状阳性组与阴性两组样本在文化程度(t=2.385,P0.05)、社会支持中的倾诉方式(t=2.542,P0.05)、求助方式(t=2.133,P0.05)、对AMS的认知(t=2.423,P0.05)、SCL-90总分(t=-4.936,P0.001)及各因子分均有显著差异。SCL-90总分、对AMS应对策略的认知对预测AMS症状总分有一定的预测作用。结论:高原外训军人心理健康水平、认知因素对AMS有显著的影响,运用合理的心理干预技术,可降低AMS的发生率,增强高原作战部队的战斗力。     

Long-term cognitive impairment and delirium in intensive care: A prospective cohort study

Background

Whilst there is a growing body of research exploring the effect of delirium in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, the relationship between patient delirium and long-term cognitive impairment has not been investigated in settings where low rates of delirium have been reported.