Developing sarcopenia predicts long-term mortality after elective endovascular aortic aneurysm repair

BackgroundPreoperatively detected sarcopenia as reflected by psoas muscle area (PMA) is associated with postoperative mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. We studied, whether changes in PMA and lean PMA (LPMA) after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) are associated with postoperative survival.MethodsIn 122 AAA patients treated between 2008 and 2016 (90% male; median age, 77.8 years; interquartile range, 11.5; rupture 2.5%) PMA and LPMA at L3 level were measured retrospectively from preoperative and 1- and 3-year follow-up computed tomography (CT) studies. The median duration of follow-up was 6.0 years (interquartile range, 3.5) and all-cause mortality was 46.7%. Association of radiologic muscle parameters with all-cause mortality was evaluated with Cox regression. Clinical data were collected from an institutional database and patient record databases.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in PMA and LPMA at L3 level (mean, −4.4 cm² [−26.8%] for PMA and −130.4 cm² × Hounsfield units [−21.6%] for LPMA, respectively; P < .001) and the greatest decline occurred during the first postoperative year after EVAR. Relative PMA change during follow-up (ΔPMA/baseline CT muscle parameter) was independently associated with mortality in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 0.977 for a 1% unit increase; 95% confidence interval, 0.960-0.995; P = .011).ConclusionsThe most significant loss of skeletal muscle occurs during the first year after EVAR. The relative change in PMA from baseline is an independent predictor of mortality. For every 10% unit increase in ΔPMA/baseline CT muscle parameter bilaterally, there was a 21% decrease in the probability of death during follow-up. Early detection (from CT studies) and prevention of sarcopenia may potentially improve survival in EVAR-treated patients.     

Effects of Estrogen Replacement on Bone Geometry and Microarchitecture in Adolescent and Young Adult Oligoamenorrheic Athletes: A Randomized Trial

Oligoamenorrheic athletes (OAs) have lower bone mineral density (BMD) and greater impairment of bone microarchitecture, and therefore higher fracture rates compared to eumenorrheic athletes. Although improvements in areal BMD (aBMD; measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in OAs have been demonstrated with transdermal estrogen treatment, effects of such treatment on bone microarchitecture are unknown. Here we explore effects of transdermal versus oral estrogen versus no estrogen on bone microarchitecture in OA. Seventy-five OAs (ages 14 to 25 years) were randomized to (i) a 100-μg 17β-estradiol transdermal patch (PATCH) administered continuously with 200 mg cyclic oral micronized progesterone; (ii) a combined 30 μg ethinyl estradiol and 0.15 mg desogestrel pill (PILL); or (iii) no estrogen/progesterone (NONE) and were followed for 12 months. Calcium (≥1200 mg) and vitamin D (800 IU) supplements were provided to all. Bone microarchitecture was assessed using high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT at the distal tibia and radius at baseline and 1 year. At baseline, randomization groups did not differ by age, body mass index, percent body fat, duration of amenorrhea, vitamin D levels, BMD, or bone microarchitecture measurements. After 1 year of treatment, at the distal tibia there were significantly greater increases in total and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD), cortical area and thickness, and trabecular number in the PATCH versus PILL groups. Trabecular area decreased significantly in the PATCH group versus the PILL and NONE groups. Less robust differences between groups were seen at the distal radius, where percent change in cortical area and thickness was significantly greater in the PATCH versus PILL and NONE groups, and changes in cortical vBMD were significantly greater in the PATCH versus PILL groups. In conclusion, in young OAs, bone structural parameters show greater improvement after 1 year of treatment with transdermal 17β-estradiol versus ethinyl estradiol–containing pills, particularly at the tibia. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Posterior malleolar fractures: A CT guided incision analysis

AimThe aim of this study was to determine the most appropriate approaches for fixation of each type and fragment of posterior malleolar fractures.Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database was performed on 141 posterior malleolar fractures. On the CT scan axial slice, a clock face was drawn using the posterolateral corner of the tibia as the centre and the Achilles tendon as the 6 o’clock axis. A box was then drawn from the fracture plane, with 90-degree lines corresponding to the medial perpendicular line (MPL) and lateral perpendicular line (LPL) extremity of the fracture and a central perpendicular line (CPL) (i.e. orthogonal central plane, for optimum screw placement). It was recorded where the MPL, LPL and CPL exited the clock face. All fracture patterns were further assessed by both senior authors regarding their choice of approach based on CPL and all variances resolved by discussion.ResultsThe LPL was equivalent across the groups (except for the 2B medial fragments), indicating a consistent posterolateral corner fragment throughout the posterior malleolar sub types (p = 0.25). The medial aspect (MPL) of the type 1, type 2A and posterolateral fragments of type 2B were equivalent. The MPL of type 3 fractures was significantly more medial than type 1 and 2A fractures (p < 0.05), with the medial extremes of the type 2B posteromedial fragment being further medial. The majority of type 2B fractures (2/3rds) were determined to be best accessed through a combined posterolateral and medial posteromedial approach, with the other third via the posteromedial approach. Almost all type 3 fractures could be appropriately accessed through the PM approach.ConclusionThis study concludes that the extent of each subtype of posterior malleolar fractures are consistent. To fully expose each fracture differing incisions are necessary and should be in the skill mix for surgeons treating these fractures.Level of evidence4.     

急性肠系膜缺血性疾病诊治现代策略

急性肠系膜缺血性疾病是血管外科的急症之一,也是外科最为凶险的急腹症之一。其原因来源于肠系膜动脉或静脉发生阻塞,导致血液供应或回流突然中断,肠管出现营养不良与障碍,最终发生肠管功能丧失、坏死。该病起病隐匿、进展快、危害大、后果严重。CT血管成像（CTA）是当前被推荐的首选诊断方法。早期诊断、复苏、抗凝、恢复肠系膜的血液供应、切除无生机的肠管、维持水盐电解质平衡以及静脉高营养是成功诊治该病的重要支柱。     

癫痫患者脑PET异常、MRI正常的分析

目的再认识原发性癫痫病灶脑18F-FDGPET异常、MRI正常图像。方法仪器为GE Discovery LS PET/CT和Philips1.5T磁共振。选取PET提示代谢异常而MRI显示正常的癫痫患者共87例,男60例,女27例,平均年龄20岁。结果87例PET提示18F-FDG代谢异常在MRI相应区域出现脑沟裂轻度增宽者39例,占44.8%。39例均为FDG低代谢,其中5例注射显像剂前一小时癫痫发作。结论原发性癫痫PET出现低代谢改变者已有44.8%的患者在MRI图像上存在肉眼可见的局部脑沟裂轻度增宽表现,这一病理基础也可能是导致癫痫发作期仍表现为低代谢的原因。     

CT diagnosis of intestinal ascariasis

The clinical symptoms and appearance by computed tomography of intestinal ascariasis are described in a patient with unsuspected Ascaris lumbricoides infestation.     

无症状性脑梗死的研究现状

随着影像学技术的发展及广泛应用，无症状性脑梗死日益引起医学界的重视，本文就近年来无症状性脑梗死的发生率、影像学及临床表现、危险因素和预后的有关进展做一综述。     

64排螺旋CT及MPR技术对肺尘埃沉着病合并肺结核的诊断

目的探讨64排螺旋CT及其MPR技术对肺尘埃沉着病合并肺结核的诊断价值。方法对50例肺尘埃沉着病患者进行胸部64排螺旋CT检查,得到胸部轴位(层厚1 mm)及MPR图像,分析肺尘埃沉着病合并肺结核CT表现,对早期发现肺尘埃沉着病合并结核有重要价值。结果肺尘埃沉着病合并血行播散型肺结核1例,继发性肺结核48例,其中渗出浸润为主32例,占66%;干酪为主型6例,占12.5%;空洞为主型10例,占20.8%;肺尘埃沉着病合并结核性胸膜炎1例,占0.2%。结论 64排螺旋CT及MPR技术对肺尘埃沉着病合并结核的诊断优势明显。MPR技术对胸部整体情况能多方位,直观,清晰和形象地显示,特别是晚期肺尘埃沉着病合并结核早期诊断提供较为可靠依据。     

多层螺旋CT在胃肠道穿孔诊断中的应用效果

目的探讨多层螺旋CT在胃肠道穿孔中的诊断效果。方法回顾性分析经病理确诊为胃肠穿孔患者的多层螺旋CT扫描的相关资料共42例,探究MSCT所得影像资料,分析腹腔内部各种特征和游离气体比例等。结果在所有42例病患中,经MSCT确诊的有39例,约占92.86%。此外,准确确定穿孔位置的有25例,约占59.52%。同时观察到胃肠道有肿块、脓肿、积液等病变。结论多层螺旋CT应用于胃肠道穿孔诊断方面有很好的效果,有利于提高确诊率和孔道位置准确率,此方法适合在临床上推广使用。