乐舒痰对小儿急性下呼吸道感染的祛痰作用

目的观察乐舒痰对小儿急性下呼吸道感染的祛痰效果以及量化咳嗽、峰流值(PEF)作为疗效观察指标的可行性.方法将106例急性下呼吸道感染的患儿随机分为治疗组55例和对照组51例,并设计了量化咳嗽和PEF等观察指标.结果两组患儿的综合疗效无明显差异(P＞0.05),但乐舒痰组患儿的咳嗽、肺部干性罗音及PEF恢复正常的时间明显短于对照组((P＜0.05).同时还显示,量化咳嗽和PEF能更早地反映上述统计学上的差异.结论①乐舒痰是一种安全有效的祛痰剂;②量化咳嗽和PEF是开展祛痰药物对小儿祛痰作用研究的两个客观而实用的指标.     

巯甲丙脯酸治疗小儿顽固性心力衰竭

我们用巯甲丙脯酸治疗20例小儿顽固性心力衰竭,剂量0.5～2.0mg/kg,一日三次。服药疗程3个月～1年2个月。总有效率90％(显效60％)。本药副作用小,安全可靠。     

小儿反复呼吸道感染危险因素分析

目的:探讨小儿反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)的危险因素,为降低儿童RRTI患病率制定相应的预防措施。方法:采用成组设计的病例对照研究方法,对RRTI病例及健康小儿各101例进行问卷调查,采用原子吸收法检测血微量元素(血锌、铜、铁、钙、镁)及血铅水平,采用免疫透射比浊法测定IgM、IgA、IgG、补体C3、补体C4的含量。应用Logistic回归模型控制混杂因素干扰。结果:儿童期不偏食、血锌为保护性因素。血铅含量偏高、主要看护人不是自己父母、户外活动时间短、既往佝偻病史为RRTI的可能危险因素。结论:运用科学的营养方式,杜绝偏食,坚持体育锻炼及户外活动,父母多看护儿女,定期检测微量元素,必要时补充锌或驱铅治疗,提高机体抵抗力,将会减少RRTI发生率。     

IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α与注意缺陷多动障碍的相关性

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童体内IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量变化及可能的发病机制;分析IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α与ADHD症状特征及行为问题的关系。方法:对35例符合DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准的ADHD和25例正常儿童进行血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α浓度测定,选用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)进行行为评定,比较两组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α浓度水平,并与DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准和CBCL得分进行相关分析。结果:ADHD儿童IL-1β较对照组增高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.239,P=0.041;Z=2.051,P=0.040);IL-6较对照组增高,但差异不具统计学意义(χ2=3.138,P=0.074;Z=1.892,P=0.058);TNF-α较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.173,P=0.023;Z=2.792,P=0.005);TNF-α与注意缺陷因子、多动/冲动因子负相关(r=-0.377,P=0.003;r=-0.274,P=0.034);IL-1β与注意缺陷因子正相关(r=0.273,P=0.035);TNF-α与CBCL注意问题、违纪行为、攻击行为、外向性、行为问题总分负相关(r=-0.325,P=0.011;r=-0.396,P=0.002;r=-0.306,P=0.017;r=-0.324,P=0.011;r=-0.346,P=0.007)。结论:ADHD儿童存在高水平的IL-1β和低水平的TNF-α;IL-1β尤其是TNF-α与ADHD注意缺陷症状及某些行为问题间存在关联性。     

An ethical rationale for perinatal palliative care

Perinatal palliative care has grown out of both an historical necessity in attending to babies in the NICU that face difficult odds of survival, the increasing technology that may avail life-extending, yet technology-dependent, care, and the growth of fetal diagnostic and treatment centers. This review looks ta the history and ethical rationale for making available services from Pediatric and Perinatal Palliative Care to families in the prenatal and postnatal periods caring for a loved one with life-limiting circumstances.     

肥胖大鼠血清C反应蛋白水平的动态变化及罗格列酮干预的影响

目的　观察高脂喂养的肥胖大鼠模型胰岛素抵抗出现的时间、程度的变化及C反应蛋白 (CRP)水平的动态变化 ;观察罗格列酮对高脂肥胖大鼠血清CRP水平的影响。方法　 3 0只清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠按体重随机分成正常对照组、肥胖组和罗格列酮治疗组。肥胖组和治疗组以高脂饮食喂养 2 0周 ,制成肥胖模型。于实验过程的第 10、2 0、2 4周分别取血检测空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素和血清CRP。CRP检测用免疫散射比浊法测定。结果　与正常对照组比较 ,高脂喂养大鼠第10周已出现胰岛素抵抗 ,并逐渐加重。同时 ,肥胖组血清CRP水平也逐渐升高 ,第 2 0周明显高于第 10周 (P <0 .0 5 )。至 2 4周 ,肥胖组、治疗组大鼠血清CRP水平明显高于正常组 (分别为P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ) ,治疗组低于肥胖组 (P <0 .0 5 )。血清CRP水平与胰岛素敏感性指数、甘油三酯呈正相关关系 (r =0 .3 5 9,P <0 .0 5 ;r =0 .482 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　随着胰岛素抵抗的加重 ,血清CRP水平逐渐升高 ,罗格列酮治疗可改善胰岛素抵抗 ,降低CRP水平     

Public transit generates new physical activity: Evidence from individual GPS and accelerometer data before and after light rail construction in a neighborhood of Salt Lake City,Utah, USA

Poor health outcomes from insufficient physical activity (PA) are a persistent public health issue. Public transit is often promoted for positive influence on PA. Although there is cross-sectional evidence that transit users have higher PA levels, this may be coincidental or shifted from activities such as recreational walking. We use a quasi-experimental design to test if light rail transit (LRT) generated new PA in a neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Participants (n=536) wore Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and accelerometers before (2012) and after (2013) LRT construction. We test within-person differences in individuals’ PA time based on changes in transit usage pre- versus post-intervention. We map transit-related PA to detect spatial clustering of PA around the new transit stops. We analyze within-person differences in PA time based on daily transit use and estimate the effect of daily transit use on PA time controlling for socio-demographic variables. Results suggest that transit use directly generates new PA that is not shifted from other PA. This supports the public health benefits from new high quality public transit such as LRT.     

Care-seeking and quality of care for outpatient sick children in rural Hebei,China: a cross-sectional study

Aim

To assess the quality of outpatient pediatric care provided by township and village doctors, prevalence of common childhood diseases, care-seeking behavior, and coverage of key interventions in Zhao County in China.

Methods

We conducted two cross-sectional surveys: 1) maternal, newborn, and child health household survey including1601 caregivers of children younger than two years; 2) health facility survey on case management of 348 sick children younger than five years by local health workers and assessment of the availability of drugs and supplies in health facility.

Results

Our household survey showed that the prevalence of fever, cough, and diarrhea was 16.8%, 9.2%, and 15.6% respectively. Caregivers of children with fever, cough, and diarrhea sought care primarily in village clinics and township hospitals. Only 41.2% of children with suspected pneumonia received antibiotics, and very few children with diarrhea received oral rehydration solutions (1.2%) and zinc (4.4%). Our facility survey indicated that very few sick children were fully assessed, and only 43.8% were correctly classified by health workers when compared with the gold standard. Use of antibiotics for sick children was high and not according to guidelines.

Conclusion

We showed poor quality of services for outpatient sick children in Zhao County. Since Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy has shown positive effects on child health in some areas of China, it is advisable to implement it in other areas as well.Globally the number of deaths of children younger than five years decreased from 9.6 million to 7.6 million between 2000 and 2010, despite increases in the number of live births (1-3). During the past 20 years China made great achievements concerning child survival. Between 1990 and 2006, under-five mortality rate decreased from 64.6 to 20.6 per 1000 live births, and Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) was achieved nine years ahead of the target set for 2015 (4-6). In 2011, under-five mortality rate was further reduced to 15.6 per 1000 live births (7). While this progress is remarkable, there remains the challenge of urban-rural mortality rate differences. Under-five mortality rate in rural areas was 2.7 times higher than in urban areas, 19.1 and 7.1 per 1000 live births, respectively (7).Under-five mortality decrease was achieved by focusing on social development and sustained economic growth and investments in health system, including expansion of health intervention coverage (8-10). However, these were much lower in rural areas. In 2010, rural residents’ net income per capita was 5919 Yuan, which was less than one third of urban residents’ income (19 109 Yuan) (11), and the health expenditure per capita in urban areas was 3.5 times lower than in rural areas, 2316 Yuan vs 666 Yuan (7). In 2009, the number of health professionals per 1000 population was 6.03 in urban and 2.46 in rural areas, respectively (12). These factors reduce overall rural health care quality as well as the quality of pediatric care, which in rural China is often less than desirable (13-15).To improve child survival, in the mid-1990s the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nation’s Children Funds (UNICEF) jointly developed the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy (16,17). The IMCI strategy has reduced the number of deaths due to diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, measles, and malnutrition, which was estimated to 70% of all global deaths of children younger than 5 years at that time (18). IMCI has already been introduced into more than 100 countries (WHO 2005). In China it was introduced in 1998 and since 2003 has been expanded to 46 counties in 11 provinces, considerably improving health workers’ skills (19,20). Although IMCI has been in force in China for more than 10 years, training coverage remains very low for township and village doctors (21).In 2010, the Ministry of Health of China launched a research project aiming to explore the use of appropriate medical techniques in rural areas, and IMCI was selected as a key component of the project. We carried out a household survey and a health facility survey in Zhao County, Hebei Province before IMCI implementation. The household survey aimed to assess the prevalence of common childhood diseases, care-seeking behaviors, and population coverage of key interventions, and the health facility survey aimed to assess the quality of outpatient pediatric care by township and village doctors.     

Autosomal insertional translocation mimicking an X-linked mode of inheritance

Unbalanced insertional translocations are a rare cause of intellectual disability. An unbalanced insertional translocation is a rare chromosomal imbalance, which may result from a balanced insertional translocation present in a phenotypically normal parent. We report here three brothers with intellectual disability, short stature, microcephaly, craniofacial anomalies and small testes. Since their parents and their sister were all phenotypically normal, the pattern of the family suggested an X-linked mode of inheritance. Surprisingly, we identified by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the three brothers an 8q22.3q23.2 deletion resulting from a balanced insertional translocation present in their healthy father. The deletion encompassed the ZFPM2 gene known to be involved in gonadal development, which is consistent with the small testes and abnormal endocrine dosages in the affected brothers. The present report also illustrates that parental analyses by aCGH or qPCR methods are not sufficient when a de novo deletion or duplication is identified in an affected child and that FISH analysis should be performed on metaphase spreads in both parents to deliver an accurate genetic counseling.