Les approches thérapeutiques non invasives de l’obésité : hier,aujourd’hui et demain

Faced with the increase in the prevalence of obesity and its consequences in terms of public health, it is necessary to better understand its pathophysiology in order to develop innovative therapeutic strategies. This article briefly reviews the different mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, both centrally (homeostatic and hedonic) and peripherally, taking into account the role of the intestinal microbiota. The different recent therapeutic tools, apart from surgery, endoscopy and behavioral therapies, are reviewed, connecting the different pharmacological approaches with the targeted neuro-hormonal or metabolic mechanisms and including current developments about the modulation of the intestinal microbiota.     

Molecular regulation of dendritic spine dynamics and their potential impact on synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases

The structure and dynamics of dendritic spines reflect the strength of synapses, which are severely affected in different brain diseases. Therefore, understanding the ultra-structure, molecular signaling mechanism(s) regulating dendritic spine dynamics is crucial. Although, since last century, dynamics of spine have been explored by several investigators in different neurological diseases, but despite countless efforts, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental etiology and molecular signaling pathways involved in spine pathology is lacking. The purpose of this review is to provide a contextual framework of our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dendritic spine signaling, as well as their potential impact on different neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, as a format for highlighting some commonalities in function, as well as providing a format for new insights and perspectives into this critical area of research. Additionally, the potential strategies to restore spine structure–function in different diseases are also pointed out. Overall, these informations should help researchers to design new drugs to restore the structure–function of dendritic spine, a “hot site” of synaptic plasticity.     

Therapeutic mechanism of ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on gastric cancer

AIM: To study the therapeutic mechanism of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides (GBEP) on gastric cancer. METHODS: Thirty patients with gastric cancer were treated with oral GBEP capsules. The area of tumors was measured by electron gastroscope before and after treatment, then the inhibitory and effective rates were calculated. The ultrastructures of tumor cells were examined by transmissional electron microscope. Cell culture, MTT, flow cytometry were performed to observe proliferation, apoptosis and changes of relevant gene expression of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. RESULTS: Compared with the statement before treatment, GBEP capsules could reduce the area of tumors, and the effective rate was 73.4%. Ultrastructural changes of the cells indicated that GBEP could induce apoptosis and differentiation in tumor cells of patients with gastric cancer. GBEP could inhibit the growth of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells following 24-72 h treatment in vitro at 10-320 mg/L, which was dose- and time-dependent. GBEP was able to elevate the apoptosis rate and expression of c-fos gene, but reduce the expression of c-myc and bcl-2 genes also in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The therapeutic mechanism of GBEP on human gastric cancer may relate to its effects on the expression of c-myc, bcl-2 and c-fos genes, which can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis and differentiation of tumor cells.     

氨氯地平贝那普利片对急性心肌梗死合并高血压患者外周血内皮微粒以及IL-6、IL-17水平的影响

目的 探讨氨氯地平贝那普利片对急性心肌梗死合并高血压患者外周血内皮微粒(endothelial microparticles, EMPs)以及白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)水平的影响。方法 选取我院急性心肌梗死合并高血压病患共计208人,随机分为研究组和对照组予以不同降压方案,其中对照组106例选用苯磺酸氨氯地平片自由联合其他种类降压药物,研究组102例选用氨氯地平贝那普利片治疗,检测两组患者治疗前后心室质量指数、IL-6、IL-17以及EMPs水平,并定期随访统计患者治疗期间主要心血管不良事件(MACE)发生率、药物不良反应以及服药依从性。结果 2组病患经过上述治疗后,外周血IL-6、IL-17以及EMPs水平均有所下降;与对照组相比,研究组病患治疗后IL-6、IL-17以及EMPs水平下降幅度更大(P<0.05),MACE发生率更低,服药依从性更好(P<0.05),不同治疗方案的药物不良反应相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 氨氯地平贝那普利片能够明显降低急性心肌梗死合并高血压患者I...     

Primary renal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue ymphoma, the result of chronic pyelonephritis？

Objective： To report 2 cases of primary renal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue （MALT lymphoma）, and observe the relations between this rare tumor of kidney and chronic pyelonephritis. Methods： 2 renal MALT lymphomas were collected from referral consultation. Detailed clinical information were reviewed, morphological analysis based on the HE section, and immunohistochemistry were performed by CD20, CD79a, CD5, CD10, CD43, CD23, BCL10 and Cyclin D1 antibodies. Results： 2 female patients with age of 48 and 55, respectively, all had a history of chronic pyelonephritis. Under the B ultrasonic and CT scanning a bump in the kidney was found. Renal carcinoma suspected and hereby the whole nephrectomy performed. In the macroscopic, tumors were laid in the renal medulla, with dark red color and ill-defined boundary. In the microscopic, there were mixed lymphoid cells infiltrate which mainly consisted of small lympho- cytes, centrocyte-like cells, lymphoplasmacytoid and plasma cells, reactive follicles and lymphoepithelial lesions also could be seen in the lesion, but follicles colonization was rare. In fact, except changes of lymphoma, basic renal disease also could be seen. Most glomeruli were atrophic, some glomeruli were hyperplastic and hypertrophic. Tubules were dilated or contacted, many dilated tubules contained pink-color glassy-appearing casts that suggest the appearance of thyroid tissue. As a result, those 2 cases showed juxtaposed changes of lymphoma and pyelonephritis. Immunohistochemistry showed that tumor cells were CD20 and CD79a positive, CD43 was weak positive, but CD5, CD10, CD23, BCL10 and Cyclin D1 were all negative. Conclusion： Primary renal MALT lymphoma was very rare disease. According to the clinical manifestation, it＇s hard to differentiate from renal cell carcinoma. But the morphological features were consistent with the classic MALT lymphomas in other sites. Immunophenotypic profiles were helpful for diagnosis. Based on the truth that many MALT lymphomas in other sites were connected with chronic inflammations, we suppose that the renal MALT lymphoma may originate from chronic pyelonephritis.     

Mechanistic insights into the effects of Astaxanthin on lipid profile and glucose homeostasis parameters: A systematic review of animal and clinical trial studies

Background and aimsThe antioxidant Astaxanthin (ASTX) may have potential to improve cardiometabolic risk factors. This study aimed to systematically review the impact of ASTX supplementation on lipid profile and glycemic indices in animal and clinical trial studies.MethodElectronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from inception up to June 2021. All clinical trials and animal studies published in English that investigated the effects of ASTX on lipid profile and glycemic parameters were considered in the study.ResultsA total of 3258 studies were retrieved from the search strategy from which 20 animal and five human studies were included in this systematic review. Twenty animal studies evaluated the effect of ASTX on lipid profile, of which 17 studies reported significant beneficial impact on one or more lipids. In addition, of 20 animal studies assessing the effect of ASTX on glucose homeostasis parameters, only 11 detected significant improvements. Five clinical trials evaluated the effect of ASTX on lipid profile; from these, three reported significant beneficial effect on at least one lipid. Moreover, of five human studies in which glucose homeostasis parameters were measured, only two observed significant improvement.ConclusionEvidence supports positive effects of ASTX on lipid profile. Nevertheless, the results on glycemic parameters are controversial and more studies are needed to draw a definite conclusion. ASTX could have great potential for reducing the risk of CVD and prevent T2DM and obesity-associated metabolic disturbances.