Time series analysis of dengue fever and weather in Guangzhou, China

Background  

Monitoring and predicting dengue incidence facilitates early public health responses to minimize morbidity and mortality. Weather variables are potential predictors of dengue incidence. This study explored the impact of weather variability on the transmission of dengue fever in the subtropical city of Guangzhou, China.     

2007年浙江省血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的掌握2007年浙江省国家级血吸虫病监测点疫情状况。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》，在常山县开展血吸虫病监测。结果2007年未查出当地病人、病畜和输入性传染源：监测村查出有螺面积1730m2，活螺平均密度0．04只／0．11m2，未查到感染性钉螺。结论监测点尚有残存钉螺．仍应加强监测点的螺情和传染源监测工作。     

浙江省成年人群肥胖及体育锻炼等因素与糖尿病风险分析

目的 探讨肥胖与体育锻炼、静坐休闲时间、职业劳动强度联合对2型糖尿病和糖调节受损(IGR)的关系.方法 利用2010年浙江省代谢综合征患病率调查的17 437名≥18岁人群调查数据,采用logistic回归模型分析比较不同肥胖程度与不同体育锻炼水平、静坐休闲时间、职业劳动强度下各亚组人群糖尿病患病和IGR风险.结果 在同一静坐休闲时间组,按BMI标准的肥胖组糖尿病发生风险是正常及低体重组的2.52～2.75倍,按WC标准的过度肥胖组糖尿病发生风险是正常组的2.09 ～ 3.71倍;在同一职业劳动强度组,按BMI标准的肥胖组糖尿病发生风险是正常及低体重组的2.19 ～ 5.98倍,按WC标准的过度肥胖组糖尿病发生风险是正常组的3.10～6.25倍.肥胖与体育锻炼强度联合分析发现,在按BMI分组分析时,无体育锻炼者中,肥胖组的糖尿病发生风险是正常及低体重组的3.21倍,但在体育锻炼者中未观察到发生糖尿病的风险随BMI增长而增加的规律,也未观察到体育锻炼对糖尿病患病风险影响的规律.在按WC分组分析时,3个锻炼水平下均可见肥胖程度越高,糖尿病患病风险越大,同一锻炼水平下,过度肥胖组的糖尿病发生风险是正常组的1.68 ～ 4.23倍.结论 与增加体育锻炼、减少静坐时间相比,控制BMI和WC对糖尿病的预防更加重要;在考虑体育锻炼水平时,WC是比BMI更好的糖尿病和IGR的预测指标.     

手消毒剂对肠道病毒灭活效果研究进展

《医务人员手卫生规范WS/T 313—2019》修订版出台后更规范了医务人员手消毒的要求。手消毒剂是提高手卫生效果，降低手传播病原微生物的有效工具，国家强制性标准《手消毒剂卫生要求GB 27950—2010》规定了手消毒剂的卫生要求，但对灭活病毒指标却没有提出具体要求。目前，市场上常用的手消毒剂以醇类或以乙醇为溶剂的产品为主，而醇类消毒剂对于消毒抗力较强的肠道病毒灭活效果有争议。本文就手消毒剂对肠道病毒灭活效果的国内外研究进行综述，为医务人员合理选择手消毒剂提供参考。     

Effect of endurance exercise on airway cells in runners

Introduction. – Long-term effort and resistance in athletes are often associated with symptoms and signs of airway inflammation. The use of induced sputum is a convenient method of assessing airway inflammatory cells. In this study we investigate the effect of endurance exercise on total and differential airway cell counts.Synthesis. – Instead the absence of post-exercise respiratory symptoms or spirometric changes, airway cell counts change significantly: runners showed increased neutrophil and lymphocyte differential count (P < 0,01).Conclusion. – Physical exertion, particularly when prolonged, causes significant stress to the respiratory system. Associated hyperventilation and airway exposure to contaminants of inhaled air could explain cellular changes.     

Molecular characterization of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST14 and ST512 causing bloodstream infections in ICU and surgery wards of a tertiary university hospital of Verona (northern Italy): co-production of KPC-3, OXA-48, and CTX-M-15 β-lactamases

Klebsiella pneumoniae strain is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes severe nosocomial infections. In the present study a molecular characterization of carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae, isolated from blood samples of hospitalized patients of Verona University Hospital, was performed. The simultaneous presence of SHV-1/CTX-M-15/KPC-3 and SHV-1/CTX-M-15/OXA-48 serin-β-lactamases was ascertained in the 89% and 11% of K. pneumoniae ST512 and K. pneumoniae ST14, respectively. Molecular characterization of bla genes showed that bla_KPC-3 was found in Tn4401a transposon with the tnpR, tnpA, ISKpn6, and ISKpn7 mobile elements whereas bla_CTX-M-15 was detected downstream ISEcp1 genetic element. A class 1 integron with a gene cassette of 780 bp corresponding to aadA2 gene was identified in 33 K. pneumoniae ST512 isolates.     

Impact of media reports regarding influenza vaccine on obstetricians’ vaccination practices

BackgroundIn 2017, three media stories regarding influenza vaccine may have impacted obstetricians’ (OB) influenza vaccination practices: reports of reduced influenza vaccine effectiveness, a severe influenza season, and a possible increased risk of miscarriage among pregnant women receiving 2009 H1N1 vaccine in the 1st trimester who had received H1N1 vaccine the previous season (later disproven).ObjectiveDescribe OB’s: (1) awareness of; (2) attitudes and experiences related to; and (3) reported alterations in practice as a result of these reports.MethodsA survey among a nationally representative sample of OBs April to June 2018.ResultsResponse rate was 65% (302/468). 88% of OBs were “very aware” of the severe season, 74% of lower effectiveness, and 25% of the miscarriage study (47% “completely unaware” of miscarriage study). Among those aware, 58%, 57%, and 16% reported ≥10% of pregnant patients initiated discussions about the severe season, lower effectiveness, and miscarriage study, respectively. Most (83%) agreed reports about increased severity increased their enthusiasm for recommending influenza vaccine; fewer agreed reports about the miscarriage study (18%) and lower vaccine effectiveness (12%) decreased their enthusiasm for recommending influenza vaccine. Providers were more likely to initiate discussion with patients about increased severity of the season than the other reports. However, 35% agreed the miscarriage study reports increased their concerns about influenza vaccine safety; 18% (n = 48) reported changing the way they recommended influenza vaccine. Of those, 17 (6% of all respondents) reported not recommending influenza vaccine to women during the 1st trimester and 26 (10% of all respondents) recommended it but were willing to delay until the 2nd trimester.ConclusionsDuring a season in which media stories could have influenced OB influenza vaccination behaviors in different directions, reports underscoring importance of influenza vaccine may have had more impact on OBs’ recommendations than reports questioning vaccine safety or effectiveness.     

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) inhibits the gap junction intercellular communication and induces apoptosis in human ovarian granulosa cells

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has attracted widespread research attention as it is very stable, bioaccumulates, and causes reproductive toxicity. Data from several animal experiments and epidemiological studies indicate that female fertility may decline because of ovarian granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis as oocyte quality is positively associated with effective gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) between GCs. To the best of our knowledge, however, no previous trials have been conducted or reported on the effects of PFOA exposure on apoptosis induction in human GCs. Moreover, the roles of GJIC in GC survival and in the induction of apoptosis in GCs by PFOA remain unclear. To test this, we cultured human GCs in vitro and treated them with 0 μM, 0.3 μM, 3 μM, or 30 μM PFOA for 24 h. We also treated a human ovarian GC line (KGN) with various combinations of PFOA, retinoic acid (RA, 10 μM), and carbenoxolone disodium (CBX, 50 mM). Our findings showed that PFOA lowered human GC viability and increased apoptosis. The effects of CBX resemble those of PFOA. The combination of PFOA and CBX enhances the inhibition of GJIC by PFOA and promotes apoptosis. The effects of RA are the opposite to those of PFOA. The combination of RA and PFOA mitigates PFOA-induced GJIC inhibition and reduces apoptosis. The observed expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were consistent with the aforementioned findings. Hence, our study demonstrated that PFOA may induce human ovarian GC apoptosis by inhibiting GJIC.