Monitoring progress toward measles elimination by genetic diversity analysis of measles viruses in China 2009–2010

With the achievement of high coverage for routine immunization and supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), measles incidence in mainland China reached its lowest level in 2010. The proportion of measles cases in the vaccination-targeted population decreased during 2007–2010 after the SIAs. More than 60% of measles cases were in adults or infants, especially in the coastal and eastern provinces during 2009 and 2010. A total 567 isolates of measles virus were obtained from clinical specimens from 27 of 31 provinces in mainland China during 2009 and 2010. Except for two vaccine-associated cases, one genotype D4 strain, two genotype D9 strains, and four genotype D11 strains, the other 558 strains were genotype H1 cluster H1a. Genotype H1 has been the only endemic genotype detected in China since surveillance began in 1993. Only genotype H1 was found in mainland China during 1993–2008, except for one detection of genotype H2. More recently, multiple genotypes of imported measles were detected even with the background of endemic genetotype H1 viruses. Analysis of the 450-nucleotide sequencing window of the measles virus N gene showed that the overall genetic diversity of the recent geneotype H1 strains decreased between 2008 and 2010. The lower genetic diversity of H1 strains suggested that enhanced vaccination may have reduced the co-circulating lineages of endemic genotype H1 strains in mainland China.     

浙江省78名艾滋病病毒感染儿童的流行特征及疗效分析

目的了解浙江省儿童艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染特征和治疗效果,为防治策略提供依据。方法以1985年至2012年9月年龄≤14岁的HIV抗体确证试验阳性者为研究对象,对浙江省艾滋病综合防治系统下载的数据库进行分析,内容包括社会人口学特征、感染途径、疾病状态、死亡、抗病毒治疗、CD4检测等。结果 78名调查对象中,男童占61.5%、外省户籍占35.9%、平均(5.65±4.21)岁;传播途径主要为母婴传播、报告受血感染、注射吸毒、同性传播分别占73.1%、15.4%、5.1%、1.3%,不详占5.1%;14.1%报告死亡,其中死于艾滋病者占54.5%;35.9%的儿童接受抗病毒治疗.治疗半年后CD4、治疗一年后CD4结果较治疗前均有明显上升,经两独立样本t检验,差异有统计学意义;治疗后一年CD4值较治疗后半年CD4值均数差异无统计学意义。结论浙江省感染艾滋病儿童报告人数逐年增加,仍以母婴传播为主,关注同性传播对儿童的影响;抗病毒治疗可有效提高CD4计数,提示应加强母婴阻断、提高早期检测比例、加强男男性接触人群干预、扩大儿童抗病毒治疗覆盖面,可有效预防婴幼儿及儿童感染艾滋病。     

Lipid-soluble green tea extract: Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies

To assess the potential safety of lipid soluble green tea extract, also referred to as lipid soluble tea polyphenols (LSTP), a series of genotoxicity tests were conducted, including an Ames, in vivo mouse micronucleus, and in vivo mouse sperm abnormality test. The toxicity of LSTP was evaluated in 90- and 30-day feeding studies. LSTP did not show mutagenic activity in the Ames test and no genotoxic potential in the in vivo assays at doses up to 10 g/kg body weight (bw). In the 90-day feeding study, LSTP was given in the diet at levels providing 0, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.50 g/kg bw/day. No significant effects were noted on body weight, food consumption, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, and histopathological examination. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was therefore considered to be 0.50 g/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested. Likewise, dosing of SD rats by gavage for 30 days also showed no adverse effects of growth, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, or histopathology at doses of 0.58, 1.17, and 2.33 g/kg bw/day. The NOAEL in the 30-day study was considered to be the highest dose tested. These data provide evidence to support the safe use of LSTP in food.     

Cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors among Syrian refugees in Turkey

BackgroundInformation on the world distribution of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in refugees/migrants is not available at the same rate for all countries or for different ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Today, Syria's humanitarian catastrophe has become a public health concern, which cannot be ignored.MethodsA search was conducted across PubMed and Google Scholar for papers on cardiovascular diseases among refugees/migrants worldwide with a focus on Syrian in Turkey.ResultsThe total number of papers identified through the database searches and from reference lists was 486. Of these, 62 were found to be relevant after further screening. A further 42 papers were considered not eligible after full-text, language and data assessments, resulting in a final 20 papers included in the qualitative analysis. These studies discussed several major themes: cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors among refugees/migrants, the effects of changing living conditions on refugees/migrants, the effects of psychological and socioeconomic factors, and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in refugees/migrants. The risk of cardiovascular disease varied by country of origin, country of destination, and duration of residence. The findings suggest that cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors are increased for Syrian refugees in Turkey.ConclusionRaising awareness, prevention, early detection, and good management as well as monitoring and reporting of risk factors are the key components to controlling cardiovascular diseases in refugees. Further studies and greater acquisition of survey data are urgently needed.     

新冠肺炎疫情期间医疗机构不同区域工作岗位个人防护专家共识

 

为更好地防控新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）医院感染,保障医疗机构医务人员及其他工作人员的安全,合理使用个人防护用品,中华预防医学会医院感染控制分会、中国医院协会医院感染管理专业委员会、中国感染控制 杂志编辑委员会组织国内专家（包括赴武汉抗疫一线的部分专家）共同制定本共识。本共识主要适用于同时收治新冠肺炎患者和普通患者的医疗机构;指导疫情期间医疗机构一线医务人员合理有效利用防护用品,同时也覆盖了几乎所有非一线医务人员及其他工作人员的防护用品使用。本共识通过评估医疗机构工作人员新冠肺炎暴露的风险,根据暴露风险来确定不同区域不同岗位工作人员的个人防护标准。本共识主要内容还包括：个人防护用品介绍及适用范围,三级防护穿脱流程,个人防护用品异常的防范与应急处理,新型冠状病毒肺炎职业暴露处置流程。同时,本共识特别强调,要合理进行新冠疫情期间医疗机构区域划分,以及重点分诊岗位安排有经验的感染科或呼吸科医生参与分诊,这些是风险评估的前提要求;在选择个人防护用品时,既要防止防护不足,又要避免 滥用与过度使用,以保障工作人员安全为前提,预防新冠肺炎医院感染。

     

应对新型冠状病毒肺炎防护服的选择和使用

防护服是医务人员抗击传染病疫情中非常重要的个人防护用品,特别是在应对传播途径未知的新发传染病,以及传播风险很高的传染病中。防护服可以阻止各类可能携带病原体的分泌物、喷溅物、颗粒物等接触人体,保护医务人员健康,是战胜新冠肺炎疫情的重要防护用品。由于本次疫情播散范围大、感染人数较多,对于防护服的需求巨大,符合国家标准的医用防护服供不应求,一些符合国外标准的防护服也逐渐被使用。作者查阅和比较各国防护服的应用范围和评价指标,以期为医务人员选择符合要求的防护服提供帮助。     

The effects of preconception examinations on neural tube defects and the primary preventive measures: case–control study

Background: Preventive measures for neural tube defects (NTDs) have been recommended for many years in China, but the compliance with these measures is unsatisfactory. This study aims to analyze the effects of preconception examinations on NTDs and its primary preventive measures.

Methods: A 1:1 hospital-based case–control study was conducted. Four hundred and fifty-nine women who delivered or gestate infants/fetuses with NTDs from January 2006 to December 2008 were randomly selected and matched with women who delivered babies without obvious birth defects as controls in Shandong and Shanxi province. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was adopted.

Results: Significant associations were shown between preconception examinations (OR?=?0.461), health education (OR?=?0.336), periconceptional folic acid supplement (OR?=?0.295), periconceptional rational diet adjustment (OR?=?0.278) and NTDs. In the case group, the rates of periconceptional folic acid supplement and health education conduction by women who had preconception examinations were significantly higher than that of those who had not, OR being 3.04 and 4.55, respectively (p?<?0.05). Among the preventive effects on NTDs, preconception examinations and other NTDs primary preventive measures had significant combined effects and the combined effects with periconceptional folic acid supplement were the greatest, with OR of 0.04.

Conclusion: Preconception examinations have preventive effects on NTDs and can significantly improve the compliance of other NTDs primary preventive measures. In addition, preconception examinations and these measures have synergetic prevention effects, indicating the critical role played by preconception examinations on NTDs prevention.     

电焊作业工人健康状况调查分析

[目的]了解电焊工作业环境和健康状况。[方法]选择7家有电焊作业企业,对焊接作业环境职业病危害因素进行检测;对工人进行现场问卷调查和职业健康检查。501名电焊工人作为接触组,319名不接触职业性有毒有害因素的其它岗位工人作为对照组,对160名接触组工人和202名对照组工人进行职业健康检查。[结果]电焊烟尘平均浓度为3．796mg／m^2,超标率23．89％;噪声平均85．90dB（A）,超标率60．0％。焊工组听力损失检出率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义;除胸痛其余主诉症状和胸片、肺功能异常率差异均无统计学意义。[结论]电焊作业场所危害因素超标多,须加强防护。作业工人健康水平降低以听力损失为主,应采取综合防制措施。