Discussions and decisions of the 2012–2014 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Filoviridae Study Group,January 2012–June 2013

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Filoviridae Study Group prepares proposals on the classification and nomenclature of filoviruses to reflect current knowledge or to correct disagreements with the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN). In recent years, filovirus taxonomy has been corrected and updated, but parts of it remain controversial, and several topics remain to be debated. This article summarizes the decisions and discussion of the currently acting ICTV Filoviridae Study Group since its inauguration in January 2012.     

Weil's disease (leptospirosis) manifesting as fulminant hepatic failure: Report of an autopsy case

We report an autopsy case of a 60-year-old man with Weil's disease who died of fulminant hepatic failure. Ante-mortem blood culture yielded the growth of Leptospira interrogans (serovar icterohaemorrhagiae). At autopsy, the liver weighed 1210 g and showed a typical appearance of “acute yellow liver atrophy”. Zone 3 (centrilobular region) showed submassive necrosis of hepatocytes accompanied by marked hemorrhage. Hepatocytes in zones 1 and 2 were well preserved, and the leptospira antigen was immunohistochemically demonstrated in several hepatocytes. Dissociation of liver cell plates was not observed. An immunohistochemical study demonstrated that CD31-positive, sinusoidal endothelial cells had almost completely disappeared in zone 3. This finding suggested that severe and selective damage to endothelial cells in zone 3 was the main cause of the submassive hepatocellular necrosis, which led to fulminant hepatic failure in the present case.     

麦氏弧菌多位点序列分型方法的建立与应用

目的建立针对麦氏弧菌的多位点序列分型（MLST）方法,评价该方法的分型效果,并对收集的麦氏弧菌进行MLST分析。方法筛选出7个管家基因（ftsZ、gapA、mreB、gyrB、purM、recA、ropA）,设计特异引物,在17株麦氏弧菌中PCR扩增管家基因序列。 用DnaSP 6.12.03软件和Split tree 4.0软件评价基因多态性、中性进化和基因重组情况;根据7个管家基因的序列差异获得对应的序列分型（ST）型别,用BioNumerics 7.1软件对不同ST型别构建最小生成树和聚类图,并用eBURST 3.0软件计算克隆复合体（CCs）。结果所选的管家基因具有足够多的等位基因位点、序列差异和足够高的分辨率;7个管家基因的Split tree对所有麦氏弧菌的聚类一致;中性试验结果显示,7个管家基因在进化过程中受遗传漂变的影响较小。 MLST将17株麦氏弧菌分成14个ST型别,大多数菌株（64.70%）均单独形成一个ST型别,其中ST007形成了可能的优势克隆群。 这些菌株之间存在相对较远的遗传距离,在垂直传播上呈现出潜在的地域聚集性。结论本研究建立的麦氏弧菌的MLST方法能分析麦氏弧菌的种群结构和遗传进化关系。     

基于CRISPR/Cas蛋白的副溶血弧菌检测方法的研究

目的利用规律间隔性成簇短回文重复序列（CRISPR）免疫原理及Cas12a酶的特点构建一种快速检测副溶血弧菌（VP）的方法,实现对病原菌准确快速的检测和识别。方法本研究通过制备纯化Cas12a蛋白,筛选构建VP的gRNA,建立CRISPR-VP荧光检测系统,根据最终荧光扩增曲线判定CRISPR-VP检测方法的有效性。结果在CRISPR-VP检测方法中只在VP的序列存在时才会产生明显的荧光信号。结论本实验初步建立了基于CRISPR/Cas蛋白的VP的检测方法,为后续简易检测试剂的研制提供理论依据。     

Identification of tumor markers using two-dimensional electrophoresis in gastric carcinoma

AIM: To study the differential expression of proteins in normal and cancerous gastric tissues, and further identify new molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis of gastric carcinoma, as well as develop new therapeutic targets of the disease. METHODS: Matched pairs of tissues from 6 gastric cancer patients were analyzed for their two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) profiles. Soluble fraction proteins from human normal and cancerous gastric tissue were separated in the first dimension by isoelectric focusing on immobilized pH gradient (IPG, pH3-10) strips, and by 125 g/L sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in the second dimension with silver nitrate staining. Protein differential expression was analyzed by use of image analysis software to find out candidates for gastric cancer-associated proteins. RESULTS: Nine protein spots overexpressed in tumor tissues as compared with noncancerous regions. In the next step, 9 tumor-specific spots were cut off from Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining gels, digested in gel with L-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK)-trypsin. Protein identification was done by peptide mass fingerprinting with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). In total, 5 tumor-specific protein spots corresponding to 5 different polypeptide chains were identified, including annexin V, carbonic anhydrase, prohibitin, fibrin beta and fibrinogen fragment D. Among these 5 spots, the potential significance of the differential expressions is discussed. CONCLUSION Differential expression analysis of proteomes may be useful for the development of new molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis of gastric carcinoma.     

100株猪链球菌的生化检测及药物敏感性分析

目的对2005年7、8月份中国各地分离到的猪链球菌进行血清分型、生化反应检测和药物敏感性分析。方法利用购自丹麦的猪链球菌分型血清进行血清分型，用apbstrep生化鉴定条进行生化鉴定，采用微量稀释法进行药物敏感性分析。结果共对100株菌株进行了检测，血清分型均为血清2型，共得到15种生化反应编码，检测的13种抗生素中，100株猪链球菌对青霉素，氨苄西林，头孢噻肟，头孢曲松，头孢吡肟。美罗培南，左旋氟沙星，氯霉素，红霉素，阿齐霉素，克林霉素。万古霉素均敏感，对四环素均耐药。结论2005年7—8月份中国各地分离到猪链球菌均为血清2型，不同菌株间生化反应存在差异，所有菌株对β-内酰氨类药物较敏感。     

Estimating vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory‐confirmed influenza in outpatient settings in South Africa, 2015

Trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2015 season in South Africa was assessed using a test‐negative case control study design. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the dominant circulating strain. Overall influenza vaccine coverage was 3.2% (29/899). The vaccine effectiveness estimate, against any influenza virus infection, adjusted for age, underlying conditions and timing within season was 46.2% (95% CI: ?23.5 to 76.5), and 53.6% (95% CI: ?62.6 to 80.3) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.     

一种改良的布鲁氏菌病抗体微量凝集检测方法的建立与评价

目的 建立一种微量的布鲁氏菌病抗体凝集检测方法,用于布鲁氏菌病高通量检测。方法 依据我国《布鲁氏菌病诊断标准》(WS269-2007)规定的病人诊断标准,用试管凝集试验做诊断标准。通过优化微量凝集试验抗原浓度,对142份疑似病人血清同时做试管凝集和微量凝集试验,进行效果评价。结果 最优的微量凝集抗原浓度为1:10,建立微量凝集法具有较高的敏感度和特异度,分别为98.9%和92.3%;和常规试管凝集法相比,两种方法符合率为96.5%。常规试管凝集检测得到21份阴性样本,22份可疑样本(1:50),99份阳性样本(>1:100)。微量凝集检测得到30份阴性样本、17份可疑样本(1:50)、95份阳性样本(>1:100)。两种试验方法,结果相同的占70.4%(100/142),经统计学检验差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.8,P>0.05)。结论 建立一种可显色的布鲁氏菌病抗体微量凝集检测方法,可以在96孔V型板上同时检测24份标本,且结果易判读,更适宜基层防疫人员现场检测,最终为疫情处置提供强有力的技术支持。     

5岁以下腹泻患者分离的艰难梭菌分子型别和耐药特征分析

目的 分析中国部分地区5岁以下腹泻患儿分离的艰难梭菌的分子型别和耐药特征,为后续研究及临床用药提供数据支持.方法 收集2010-2020年云南、山东、上海、陕西、河南和北京6省市5岁以下腹泻患儿的粪便标本,通过厌氧培养分离和鉴定艰难梭菌.使用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法进行毒素基因检测、多位点序列分型(MLST)和核糖...     

蚤、蜱中巴尔通体的分离培养及检测鉴定

目的了解蚤、蜱在我国作为巴尔通体传播媒介的可能性，获得其自然状态下存在于吸血节肢动物中的证据。方法采集家猫、狗、牛及鼠类动物体表寄生蚤、蜱，采用含5％去纤维兔血脑心浸液（brain heart infusion，BHI）培养基置于35℃含5％ CO2培养箱中从蚤、蜱中分离巴尔通体，疑似菌落应用聚合酶链反应技术（Polymerase Chain Reaction，PCR）扩增巴尔通体特异基因片段，阳性产物测序并用同源性比较及系统发育分析等方法分析确定巴尔通体的亲缘关系。结果分别从猫栉首蚤、微小牛蜱中各分离出1株巴尔通体，用5对巴尔通体属特异性引物进行PCR反应，扩增产物均产生阳性目标带，证实为巴尔通体属微生物。序列同源性比较发现蚤、蜱分离株之间同源性较小，tRNA^Ile-tRNA^Ala地基因间隔区序列为58．2％、ftsZ基因序列为72．8％；这两株菌分别与云南鼠类宿主血液中分离的巴尔通体菌株RT222SM、RT221SM同源性最大，与其它已知巴尔通体同源性均较小。蚤培养物与RT222SM的tRNA^Ile-tRNA^Ala基因间隔区的同源性是77．9％、与ftsZ是96．2％；蜱培养物与RT221SM的tRNA^Ile-tRNA^Ala基因间隔区的同源性是99．4％，与云南鼠血中分离的Rf1561yn的gltA基因338bp核酸序列同源性为99．1％，基于gltA种系发育分析提示与Rfl561yn亲缘关系最近。结论从猫栉首蚤、微小牛蜱中分离培养出巴尔通体，为蚤、蜱作为巴尔通体传播媒介提供了线索，同时为在我国进一步开展媒介生物中巴尔通体感染情况调查提供了实验方法的参考依据。同源性搜索、比较及系统发育分析支持这2株巴尔通体与中国云南分离的巴尔通体基因型相似，而与国外的巴尔通体分离株亲缘关系较远。