新疆艾滋病高发区维汉民族干部教师和医生婚姻及性态度性行为和艾滋病知识的调查分析

目的了解新疆艾滋病高发区维吾尔族和汉族的干部、教师和医生,对婚姻及性的态度、性行为和艾滋病知识知晓率的情况及差异,为该地区的艾滋病预防和干预策略的制定提供参考依据。方法选择新疆伊犁州和乌鲁木齐市艾滋病高流行区街道/社区机关、中小学和医院中,18～60岁已婚的维吾尔族和汉族的干部、教师、医生进行抽样问卷调查。结果共调查769人(维吾尔族491人、汉族278人),平均年龄为36.98岁。对待婚姻的态度,64.9%的调查对象认为婚姻是神圣的;91.7%不同意或很不同意女性为了生活而卖淫的说法;80%认为女性保持贞操很重要或重要;60.6%认为多次结婚、多次离婚是件丢人的事情;对婚前性行为,58.2%持抵制态度;对"一夜情",72.5%持抵制态度;对同性恋,88.3%持抵制态度;对以上7个问题维汉族态度差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。93.5%的调查对象结过一次婚;对待男人找暗娼行为,80.6%认为是不光彩的行为;对待与多人有性关系,82.5%认为是一件见不得人的事情;以上3个问题维汉族态度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。婚前性行为(32.6%)、婚外性行为(11.6%)、每周性行为次数(34.2%的1次、31.5%的2次)和有婚外性行为时使用安全套的原因(防病占53.4%),以上4个问题维汉族差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。初次性行为的年龄(平均为25.22岁)、发生婚外性行为的场所主要是宾馆(占63.4%)、发生婚外性行为时安全套使用情况(每次都用占55.7%)和不使用安全套原因(主要是没有快感占41.8%),此4个问题维汉族差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。维吾尔族艾滋病知识知晓率为92.4%,汉族为93.6%,维汉族差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05);发生婚外性行为每次都用安全套者的艾滋病知识知晓率为91.83%,有时用的知晓率为91.84%,从不使用的知晓率为92.08%,三者间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论新疆艾滋病高发区维汉民族干部、教师和医生对待婚姻及性的态度和性行为存在一定的开放程度,但是维吾尔族相对于汉族较保守,此类人群的艾滋病知识知晓率较高,应根据此类人群和不同民族的特征,有的放矢地开展艾滋病的健康教育和行为干预。     

我国社区美沙酮维持治疗吸毒人员HIV新发感染研究

目的分析我国参加社区美沙酮维持治疗吸毒人员艾滋病病毒(HIV)新发感染情况,探讨与感染相关的因素。方法建立2004年3月-2010年12月期间参加治疗的吸毒成瘾人员队列,对参加治疗时HIV抗体阴性者每6个月进行HIV随访检测,计算HIV新发感染率,采用单因素分析和Cox比例风险回归模型,对与新发感染有关的因素进行预测分析。结果累计随访检测治疗人员101 821人,发现596例新发感染,HIV新发感染率0.35/100人年(95%CI:0.32～0.38/100人年)。少数民族治疗人员新发感染率较高(最高3.21/100人年),文化程度低者新发感染率较高(小学及以下0.58/100人年)。不同地区新发感染率不同,最高省份为1.83/100人年。62.1%的感染发生在治疗最初的1年中。Cox比例风险回归显示,女性(HR=1.290,95%CI:1.058～1.574,P=0.012)、少数民族(HR=2.861,95%CI:2.363～3.463,P<0.000 1)、小学及以下文化程度(HR=1.765,95%CI:1.465～2.12 7,P<0.000 1)、注射吸毒(HR=3.302,95%CI:2.504～4.354,P<0.000 1)、共用注射器(HR=1.943,95%CI:1.622～2.326,P<0.000 1)会增加治疗期间HIV感染的风险,参加治疗时年龄较大者感染风险较低(每增加1岁HR=0.980,95%CI:0.968～0.992)。结论我国参加MMT吸毒人员HIV新发感染率的民族和地区差异大,主要发生在参加治疗的前几个月,女性、少数民族、低文化程度、曾注射吸毒和共用注射器会增加治疗期间HIV感染的风险,参加治疗时年龄较大者感染风险较小。具有这些特征的吸毒人员在入组治疗时,要给予特别关注,并开展针对性的干预。     

不同类型样本用于HIV基因型耐药检测研究进展

随着艾滋病(AIDS)抗病毒治疗的推广,艾滋病死亡人数大幅度减少。然而抗病毒药物的压力促使病毒基因发生耐药性的突变,艾滋病病毒(HIV)耐药的检测已经成为HIV预防和治疗的一个重要方面。目前,用于基因型耐药检测的样本类型主要包括液体样本和滤纸片载体样本。液体样本包括全血、血浆、血清,滤纸片载体样本包括干血斑(DBS)、干浆斑(DPS)、干血清斑(DSS)。文章通过对以上样本类型用于检测的特点进行总结,比较它们之间的优缺点,综述各样本类型的使用范围及应用前景。     

18～45岁已婚HIV感染者生育安全认知现状调查

目的了解18～45岁已婚HIV感染者生育安全认知现状, 为艾滋病感染家庭生育安全干预提供依据。方法选择重庆市6个区和四川省自贡市2021年11月至2022年4月接受随访的18～45岁已婚HIV感染者进行问卷调查, 收集其一般人口学特征、性行为史、生育意愿、生育安全认知等, 采用非条件logistic回归分析和Poisson回归分析研究对象生育安全认知的相关因素。结果 266名研究对象中, 女性占58.3%(155/266), 有生育意愿的HIV感染者占48.9%(130/266)。研究对象的生育安全知识知晓率为59.4%(158/266), 生育安全知识知晓情况的多因素logistic回归分析结果显示, 女性生育安全知识知晓率是男性的2.14(95%CI:1.25～3.66)倍;高中及以上文化程度者生育安全知识知晓率是高中以下文化程度的1.88(95%CI:1.08～3.27)倍;有生育意愿者生育安全知识知晓率是无生育意愿的1.88(95%CI:1.10～3.22)倍, 接受过艾滋病知识宣传教育者生育安全知识知晓率是未接受过艾滋病知识宣传教育的9.06(95%CI:2.46～33.32...     

我国老年人群艾滋病防控现状与挑战

近年来我国老年人群艾滋病疫情呈现快速上升趋势,老年人群艾滋病防治面临新的挑战。老年人群对HIV感染风险认知较低,发生无保护的临时性行为或商业性行为比例较高,HIV感染风险较高。老年HIV感染者和感染风险较高的老年人群文化程度和社会经济水平普遍偏低,获取艾滋病相关知识和检测服务机会较为有限,老年HIV感染者由于检测发现晚、合并慢性疾病等因素,死亡风险显著上升。需从行为特征、社会经济、文化、心理等方面多维度深入开展老年人艾滋病防治研究,探索和采取适合老年人群特点的防治艾滋病健康服务的策略措施,强化对老年感染者全流程综合管理模式的研究。     

Chimeric multiple antigenic peptides for simultaneous detection of specific antibodies to HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and HIV-2

Synthetic peptides have frequently replaced the more costly recombinant proteins or viral lysates as the antigens of choice for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses. However, development of an assay that is sensitive to all the types and groups of HIV, including the divergent strains of HIV-1 group O, group N, and HIV-2, would require many peptides derived from different types and groups of HIV. Combining multiple peptide antigens may reduce the analytical sensitivity of the individual peptide due to the competition for binding to the solid surface when used in an enzyme immunoassay format. In this study, we developed and evaluated two chimeric multiple antigenic peptides (CMAP) for simultaneous detection of specific antibodies to HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and HIV-2. Both CMAPs correctly identified 304 known HIV positive serum or plasma specimens (260 HIV-1 group M of varying subtypes, 3 group O, and 41 HIV-2) and one chimpanzee serum specimen (group N) and all 66 known HIV negative specimens. CMAP performance was superior to the corresponding individual linear peptides or a linear peptide mixture. The results indicate that CMAPs are useful for the development of highly sensitive and specific assays for the detection of infections caused by HIV-1, including group M, N, and O, and HIV-2.     

Protective behaviours among young African American women with non-monogamous sexual partners

In the USA, partner non-monogamy is reported to be more common among African American women than White women and may contribute to African American women’s increased risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Few studies have explicitly and comprehensively described the protective behaviours that African American women employ with non-monogamous partners to reduce their HIV risk. We conducted interviews to examine protective behaviours among 11 African American women aged 18–24 years who perceived that a partner in the preceding 12 months had another sex partner. Participants described three types of partnerships with 29 non-monogamous men; these partnerships clustered into three categories. Narrative analysis revealed an overall paucity of protective behaviours with non-monogamous partners. Protective behaviours (i.e. communication and condom use) were informed by partnership type, rather than perceptions of non-monogamy. There were few instances in which partner non-monogamy motivated women to terminate sex partnerships. Rather, these decisions were often motivated by changes in other relationship dynamics. To address HIV/STI risk related to partner non-monogamy, HIV prevention strategies for young African American women should emphasise the importance of condom use in all non-marital partnership types. Interventions where testing is available may be effective for women who frequently test for HIV/STIs but do not use condoms.     

Differences in Selected HIV Care Continuum Outcomes Among People Residing in Rural,Urban, and Metropolitan Areas—28 US Jurisdictions

Purpose

The HIV care continuum is used to monitor success in HIV diagnosis and treatment among persons living with HIV in the United States. Significant differences exist along the HIV care continuum between subpopulations of people living with HIV; however, differences that may exist between residents of rural and nonrural areas have not been reported.

Methods

We analyzed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Surveillance System data on adults and adolescents (≥13 years) with HIV diagnosed in 28 jurisdictions with complete reporting of HIV‐related lab results. Lab data were used to assess linkage to care (≥1 CD4 or viral load test ≤3 months of diagnosis), retention in care (≥2 CD4 and/or viral load tests ≥3 months apart), and viral suppression (viral load <200 copies/mL) among persons living with HIV. Residence at diagnosis was grouped into rural (<50,000 population), urban (50,000‐499,999 population), and metropolitan (≥500,000 population) categories for statistical comparison. Prevalence ratios and 95% CI were calculated to assess significant differences in linkage, retention, and viral suppression.

Findings

Although greater linkage to care was found for rural residents (84.3%) compared to urban residents (83.3%) and metropolitan residents (81.9%), significantly lower levels of retention in care and viral suppression were found for residents of rural (46.2% and 50.0%, respectively) and urban (50.2% and 47.2%) areas compared to residents of metropolitan areas (54.5% and 50.8%).

Conclusions

Interventions are needed to increase retention in care and viral suppression among people with HIV in nonmetropolitan areas of the United States.     

Family Related Factors and Concurrent Heroin Use in Methadone Maintenance Treatment in China

Background: The use of heroin during Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) is a challenging problem that contributes to poor treatment outcomes. Families may play an important role in addressing concurrent heroin use during MMT, especially in collectivist societies such as China. Objectives: In this study, we explored the relationship between family-related factors and concurrent heroin use during MMT in China. Methods: This study was conducted at 68 MMT clinics in five provinces of China. There were 2,446 MMT clients in the analysis. Demographic information, MMT dosage, family members' heroin use status, family support of MMT, family problem, and self-reported heroin use were collected in a cross-sectional survey. The most recent urinalysis of opiate use was obtained from clinical records. Results: Of the 2,446 participants, 533 (21.79%) self-reported heroin use in the previous seven days or had a positive urine morphine test result in the clinic record. Participants whose family member[s] used heroin were 1.59 times (95% CI: 1.17, 2.15) more likely to use concurrently during treatment. Those with family members who totally support them on the MMT were less likely to use (AOR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.94). Having more family problems was positively associated with concurrent heroin use (AOR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.93). Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of the family's role in concurrent heroin use during MMT programs. The study's findings may have implications for family-based interventions that address concurrent heroin use.     

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Pregnant Women: 5 States,United States, 2009–2011

Introduction Screening for specific sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) during pregnancy has been a longstanding public health recommendation. Prior studies have described associations between these infections and socioeconomic factors such as race/ethnicity and education. Objectives We evaluated the prevalence of STDs and the correlation socioeconomic factors have with the presence of these infections among pregnant women in the United States. Methods We conducted an analysis using self-reported data from 12,948 recently pregnant women from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in 5 states during 2009–2011. Responses to questions about curable STDs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis) diagnosed during pregnancy were utilized to calculate weighted STD prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A logistic regression was also conducted to identify maternal socioeconomic characteristics significantly associated with STDs; results are displayed as adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). The PRAMS protocol was approved at PRAMS participating sites and by CDC’s Institutional Review Board. Results Overall, 3.3% (CI 2.9–3.7) reported?≥?1 curable STD during her most recent pregnancy. The adjusted STD prevalence was higher among women with younger age (aPR, 2.4; CI 1.8–3.4), non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity (aPR, 3.3; CI 2.4–4.1), unmarried status (aPR, 2.1; CI 1.4–3.0), no college education (aPR, 1.4; CI 1.0–1.9), annual income <?$25,000 (aPR, 2.0; CI 1.3–3.2), and no pre-pregnancy health insurance (aPR, 1.4; CI 1.1–1.8). Conclusions for Practice This is the largest study of prevalence of self-reported curable STDs among U.S. pregnant women. Differences in STD prevalence highlight the association between certain socioeconomic factors and the presence of STDs.