HIV单阳家庭未接受抗病毒药物治疗的原因调查

目的了解艾滋病病毒（HIV）单阳家庭未接受抗病毒治疗的原因。方法选择河南、广西、云南和新疆部分县区作为调查现场,在2012年2-8月,通过问卷调查,了解2011年1-12月期间有过随访记录的单阳家庭阳性方未治疗的原因。结果 4个省12个地区共调查单阳家庭阳性方3192例,其中11例为重复报告病例,实际调查3181例,平均年龄为（39.9±12.5）岁。未治疗的原因主要有：＂因CD^＋_4T淋巴细胞水平较高,认为无需治疗＂的占17.6%（560/3181）,＂调查对象不在本地＂的占12.8%（407/3181）,＂担心信息泄露后遭遇歧视＂的占9.6%（305/3181）,以及其他,如配偶未告知也是未能接受治疗的重要原因。结论积极转变治疗观念,加强对医务人员治疗咨询能力的培训,强化配偶告知和配偶检测工作,提高HIV单阳家庭的治疗覆盖率,减少家庭内的传播。     

HIV Testing: Current Practice and Future Directions

New approaches to expanding HIV testing and effective treatment and the wider availability of rapid testing technology have created new opportunities for achieving national and global HIV testing goals. In spite of HIV testing expansion in many settings, growing evidence of the prevention benefits of HIV testing, and the development of new, cost-effective approaches to HIV testing service provision, formidable obstacles to HIV testing expansion persist. Inequitable testing coverage exists within and across countries. While the proportion of people with HIV aware of their status is about 80 % in the U.S., the majority of HIV-infected persons in Africa are unaware of their status. Testing of most-at-risk populations, couples, children, and adolescents pose still unresolved policy and programmatic challenges. Future directions for HIV testing include rapid testing technology and detection of acute HIV infection, self-testing expansion, and partner notification. Expanded routine HIV screening and widespread testing is a public health imperative to reach national and international HIV prevention and treatment goals.     

Depletion and dysfunction of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in HIV disease: mechanisms,impacts and therapeutic implications

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disrupts the balance among γδ T cell subsets, with increasing Vδ1+ cells and substantial depletion of circulating Vδ2+ cells. Depletion is an indirect effect of HIV in CD4-negative Vδ2 cells, but is specific for phosphoantigen-responsive subpopulations identified by the Vγ2-Jγ1.2 (also called Vγ9-JγP) T cell receptor rearrangement. The extent of cell loss and recovery is related closely to clinical status, with highest levels of functional Vδ2 cells present in virus controllers (undetectable viremia in the absence of antiretroviral therapy). We review the mechanisms and clinical consequences for Vδ2 cell depletion in HIV disease. We address the question of whether HIV-mediated Vδ2 cell depletion, despite being an indirect effect of infection, is an important part of the immune evasion strategy for this virus. The important roles for Vδ2 cells, as effectors and immune regulators, identify key mechanisms affected by HIV and show the strong relationships between Vδ2 cell loss and immunodeficiency disease. This field is moving toward immune therapies based on targeting Vδ2 cells and we now have clear goals and expectations to guide interventional clinical trials.     

Condom use with various types of sex partners by money boys in China

Money boys (MBs) who typically sell sex to males have not yet been extensively studied in China. In this 2009 study, 28 venue-based MBs were interviewed. We analyzed their condom use behaviors with various partners, including male and female clients, male and female casual partners, other MBs and female sex workers, and boyfriends and girlfriends. All participants were aware of the need for using condoms; however, usage with different partner types varied. The longer a relationship with a partner, the less frequent was condom use. A major reason for not using condoms was that they or their partners did not like the loss of sensation due to condom use. Other factors included sexual orientation, age, duration in commercial sex, concerns about HIV/AIDS, attractiveness of partners, and support of "mommies" (brothel supervisors). Both individual- and venue-level interventions are needed to promote condom use, and mommies need to be included in intervention strategies.     

Trends in HIV Diagnoses and Testing Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends routine HIV screening in health care settings. Using national surveillance data, we assessed trends in HIV diagnoses and testing frequency in youth aged 13–24 diagnosed with HIV in 2005–2008. Diagnosis rates increased among black (17.0% per year), Hispanic (13.5%), and white males (8.8%), with increases driven by men who have sex with men (MSM). A higher percentage of white males and MSM had previously been tested than their counterparts. No increases in diagnoses or differences in testing were observed among females. Intensified interventions are needed to reduce HIV infections and racial/ethnic disparities.     

Laboratory diagnostics for hepatitis C virus infection

Identification of prevalent infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is based serologically on detecting anti-HCV immunoglobulin G, using immunoassays, immunoblot assays, and, more recently, immunochromatography-based rapid tests. None discriminate between active and resolved HCV infection. Tests for detecting HCV RNA identify active HCV infection but are costly. Serologic assays for HCV antigens have been developed and show potential for diagnosis of active HCV infection, and their performance characteristics are undergoing evaluation. The diagnosis of acute HCV infection without the demonstration of seroconversion remains elusive.     

依托社区卫生服务机构对目标人群实施艾滋病预防和优先干预的探索

目的探索依托社区卫生服务机构,对小足浴房、小洗头房、小卡拉OK厅(三小场所)的从业人员和流动人口,实施预防和优先干预的可行性和可接受性。方法采用横断面调查的方法,对上海市6个区的360名"三小场所"工作人员,3个区的720名流动人口进行问卷调查,并对目标人群实施艾滋病预防和优先干预的可行性和可接受性进行评价。结果依托社区卫生服务中心对目标人群实施艾滋病预防和干预后,"三小场所"人员和流动人口的艾滋病知识知晓率分别为82.22%(296/360)和79.58%(573/720);最近一年接受过社区卫生服务中心开展的艾滋病预防和干预工作的分别为75.28%(271/360)和41.11%(296/720)。两类目标人群更容易接受社区卫生服务中心提供的预防和干预服务,且表示满意;对于服务方式和宣传资料持肯定态度且易于接受。结论依托社区卫生服务机构对目标人群实施艾滋病预防和优先干预是可行的,目标人群是容易接受的,在因地制宜的基础上,艾滋病预防和优先干预的工作策略和重点,可以考虑下沉到社区卫生服务机构。