Trends and Differences Among Three New Indicators of HIV Infection Progression

Objective

This study proposes three indicators of, and assesses the disparities and trends in, the risk of HIV infection progression among people living with diagnosed HIV infection in the United States.

Methods

Using data reported to national HIV surveillance through June 2012, we calculated the AIDS diagnosis hazard, HIV (including AIDS) death hazard, and AIDS death hazard for people living with diagnosed HIV infection for each calendar year from 1997 to 2010. We also calculated a stratified hazard in 2010 by age, race/ethnicity, mode of transmission, region of residence at diagnosis, and year of diagnosis.

Results

The risk of HIV infection progression among people living with diagnosed HIV infection decreased significantly from 1997 to 2010. The risks of progression to AIDS and death in 2010 were higher among African Americans and people of multiple races, males exposed through injection drug use (IDU) or heterosexual contact, females exposed through IDU, people residing in the South at diagnosis, and people diagnosed in 2009 compared with white individuals, men who have sex with men, females with infection attributed to heterosexual contact, those residing in the Northeast, and those diagnosed in previous years, respectively. People aged 15–29 years had the highest AIDS diagnosis hazard in 2010.

Conclusion

Continued efforts are needed to ensure early HIV diagnosis as well as initial linkage to and continued engagement in HIV medical care among all people living with HIV. Targeted interventions are needed to improve health-care and supportive services for those with worse health outcomes.In the United States, the number of people aged 13 years and older living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was estimated to be more than 1.1 million as of December 2010, a 9% increase from 2006.¹ For people living with HIV, increasing their access to care and eliminating disparities are primary goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) and the Healthy People 2020 objectives.^2,3 Assuring that all people with HIV are diagnosed early, promptly linked to care, retained in care, and offered antiretroviral treatment is essential to achieve the ultimate goal of the continuum of care,⁴ leading to viral suppression, improved health, survival, and prevention of HIV transmission.Several studies have used national HIV surveillance data to examine the disparities and determinants of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS; i.e., stage 3 HIV infection⁵) and death after HIV diagnosis. These studies have focused on individuals diagnosed in a certain time period and have examined the differences in time from HIV diagnoses to AIDS and death (i.e., the number of months/years from HIV diagnosis to AIDS or death) using survival analyses, including Kaplan-Meier survival curves, the Cox proportional hazard model, or the standardized relative risk.^6–8 However, previous studies have not assessed the risks of progression to AIDS and death among all people living with HIV, and have not reported the trends in these outcomes.To fill this gap, we propose in this study three cross-sectional indicators to estimate the risks of progression to AIDS and death in a calendar year after HIV diagnoses among people living with diagnosed HIV infection, regardless of their time of diagnosis (i.e., the year when an HIV infection was first diagnosed). The results allow for an annual assessment of the risks of HIV infection progression and can be used to monitor the trends in these outcomes among people living with HIV.Specifically, this study (1) examined the disparities in the risk of progression to AIDS in 2010 among people living with diagnosed HIV (not AIDS) infection at year-end 2009 (AIDS diagnosis hazard), the risk of death in 2010 among those living with diagnosed HIV (including AIDS) infection at year-end 2009 (HIV death hazard), and the risk of death in 2010 among individuals living with AIDS at year-end 2009 (AIDS death hazard); and (2) assessed the trends in the risks of HIV infection progression among people living with diagnosed HIV infection from 1997 to 2010 using the three indicators.     

河南省驻马店市HIV单阳家庭随访特征分析

目的了解河南省驻马店市HIV单阳家庭的基本特征及随访管理情况。方法收集HIV单阳家庭阳性者的基本信息、医疗行为、性行为特征、及CD4+ T淋巴细胞变化情况,并采集阴性配偶的血样检测HIV血清阳转情况。结果本次调查共随访3 724户HIV单阳家庭,阴性配偶中有3 718人进行HIV检测,13人出现HIV阳转。最近1次性生活安全套使用率为98.9%。治疗病例组CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数呈明显上升趋势;换药组CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数变化较为稳定;未治疗组CD4+T淋巴细胞计数变化未见统计学差异。结论驻马店市HIV单阳家庭阴性配偶的血清HIV抗体阳转率较低。接受抗病毒治疗后效果明显,CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数明显上升,而未治疗的HIV感染者和病人的CD4细胞计数变化规律还需进一步开展研究,以期为选择抗病毒治疗时机和修改抗病毒治疗策略提供参考。     

2005―2019年新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区丙型肝炎流行特征

目的  分析2005―2019年新疆维吾尔自治区(简称新疆)喀什地区丙型病毒性肝炎(简称丙肝)的流行特征,为制定丙肝防治策略提供科学依据。方法  采用描述流行病学方法,对2005―2019年法定报告传染病报告信息管理系统中新疆喀什地区报告的丙肝病例的流行病学特征进行统计分析。结果  2005―2019年喀什地区全人群丙肝发病率总体呈上升趋势,年均上升速度为11.5%,2005―2013年上升速度较快,2013―2019年发病率无明显波动。从2015年开始,喀什地区丙肝病例报告数跃居全疆首位。流行特征主要有：地区分布不平衡、以女性为主,年龄主要集中在40~＜75岁,职业主要是农民。结论  新疆喀什地区丙肝流行形势较为严重,40~＜75岁人群,女性、农村居民是丙肝感染的重点人群,应尽快对该人群开展流行病学调查,摸清感染的危险因素,并采取有效的预防及治疗措施,遏制丙肝在该人群中流行。     

Changes in Racial and Ethnic Disparities of HIV Diagnoses Among Adolescents and Young Adults Aged 13–24 Years, 2015–2019

PurposeWe examined changes in racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnoses among adolescents and young adults aged 13–24 years from 2015 through 2019.MethodsWe used national surveillance data for 2015–2019 from AtlasPlus to calculate 12 absolute and relative disparity measures for 7 racial/ethnic groups to understand HIV diagnosis trends over time. We calculated four absolute measures (Black-to-White rate difference, Hispanic-to-White rate difference, Absolute Index of Disparity [ID], population-weighted Absolute ID) and eight relative measures (Black-to-White rate ratio, Hispanic-to-White rate ratio, ID, population-weighted ID, population attributable proportion, Gini coefficient, Theil index, and mean log deviation).ResultsHIV diagnosis rates decreased by 15.9% across all racial/ethnic groups combined. All the absolute disparity measures we examined indicated substantial reductions (13.5%–18.5%) in absolute disparities. Most of the relative disparity measures (eight of eight population-unadjusted measures and five of eight population-adjusted measures) declined as well, but the change was relatively modest and ranged from a 3.3% decrease to a 2.1% increase across the measures.DiscussionDespite progress, racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnoses among adolescents and young adults remain. Programs and services that are culturally relevant and tailored for this population may assist with continued progress toward reducing racial/ethnic disparities.     

广西高校新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的使用意愿及关注因素调查

目的 了解广西高校新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的使用意愿及关注因素,为进一步在高校开展HIV尿液自我采样传递检测提供依据和参考。 方法 采取整群随机抽样方法,分别选取广西A、B两所高校新生进行匿名问卷调查,其中,A校在健康教育讲座前问卷调查,B校在健康教育讲座后问卷调查。 结果 本次调查中,共发放问卷500份,A、B两所高校新生的问卷回收率分别是88.0%(132/150),96.9%(339/350),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。A、B两所高校新生艾滋病基本知识平均知晓率分别为73.7%,87.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。受访的大学新生中有2.3%(11/471)曾接受过HIV检测。A、B两所高校新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的使用意愿率分别是63.6%(84/132),88.5%(300/339),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。男生对HIV尿液自助采样包的使用意愿率均要稍高于女生,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在阻碍HIV尿液自助采样包的使用因素调查中,54.0%(47/87)认为操作流程不方便,37.9%(33/87)怀疑结果的准确性,8.1%(7/87)认为容易污染。此外,在大学新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的关注因素调查中,首要关注的是保密性(85.4%,402/471),其次是准确性(72.4%,341/471)。超过一半的新生认为100~150元是HIV尿液自助采样包的可接受价格范围,高达97%的新生认为检测结果的反馈时长应小于7 d。 结论 广西高校新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的态度积极,使用意愿较高,对HIV尿液自我采样传递检测持相对开放态度。HIV尿液自助采样包的保密性和准确性是大学新生最为关注的两个因素。举办健康教育讲座对HIV尿液自助采样包进行适当的介绍和宣传,可有效提高使用意愿。     

Perceptions of politicization and HPV vaccine policy support

BackgroundSince its FDA approval in 2006, the Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been politically-charged, given its association with sexual health among young women and its history of controversial, and largely unsuccessful, legislative mandates. The extent to which perceived politicization is related to public support for the vaccine’s use, however, is not clear. We sought to examine the relationship between public perceptions of politicization of the HPV vaccine and public support for HPV vaccine policies.MethodsWe fielded a survey from May-June 2016 using a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (18–59 years). Among respondents aware of the HPV vaccine (n = 290), we predict support for HPV vaccine policies based on respondents’ perceptions of three characteristics of the vaccine’s portrayal in public discourse: degree of controversy, certainty of the scientific evidence supporting the vaccine’s use, and frequency with which the vaccine appears in political discussion.ResultsRespondents who perceived greater certainty about the scientific evidence for the HPV vaccine were more supportive of HPV vaccine policies (p < 0.0001) than respondents who perceived the scientific evidence to be uncertain, after adjusting for respondents’ characteristics, including demographics and partisanship.ConclusionsPublic perceptions of the HPV vaccine’s politicization, particularly the portrayal of scientific evidence, are associated with receptivity to legislative mandates.Policy implicationsHow the certainty of a body of evidence gets communicated to the public may influence the policy process for a critical cancer prevention intervention.     

Foreign-Born Hispanic Women's Health Patterns in Allostatic Load Converge to U.S.-Born Hispanic Women at a Slower Tempo Compared With Men

ObjectivesWe investigated the patterns of foreign-born Hispanic health convergence to U.S.-born Hispanics using an allostatic load index, a subjective biological risk health profile, and we explored whether the health convergence patterns differ by sex.MethodsThe analytic sample consisted of 3,347 Hispanics from the pooled 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used negative binomial regression models to investigate the association between duration in the United States and the allostatic load index, while controlling for potential covariates.ResultsForeign-born Hispanics who had lived in the United States for 0–9 years and 10–19 years had lower levels of allostatic load than U.S.-born Hispanics; however, those who had lived in the United States for 20 or more years had a level of allostatic load similar to their U.S.-born counterparts. The pattern of immigrant health convergence shows a clear sex difference. In the sex-stratified models, we found that foreign-born Hispanic men converged to the level of allostatic load of U.S.-born Hispanic men after having lived in the United States for approximately 10 years. The health convergence pattern qualitatively differed for foreign-born Hispanic women, who remained healthier than U.S.-born Hispanic women regardless of duration in the United States.ConclusionsForeign-born Hispanics are healthier than their U.S.-born counterparts, providing support for the healthy migrant hypothesis. This relatively better health of foreign-born Hispanics disappears with a longer duration in the United States, providing support for the health convergence hypothesis, but is most noticeable for men. Foreign-born Hispanic women converge to U.S.-born Hispanic women's health status at a slower tempo, compared with foreign-born Hispanic men.     

天津市高一学生艾滋病知识与健康教育需求现况调查

目的 了解天津市高一学生艾滋病知识知晓率及其相关因素,与艾滋病健康教育需求情况。方法 采用横断面调查设计,采用分层整群抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法,选取天津地区高中2所、职业高中1所,对所有高一学生进行匿名调查。问卷内容包括一般人口学特征、艾滋病相关知识、艾滋病健康教育需求信息等条目。结果 调查对象共1 082人,艾滋病知识知晓率为34.3%（371/1 082）。既往接受过艾滋病知识的比例为71.9%（778/1 082）,既往接受过性健康知识的比例为59.4%（643/1 082）,2类学校间差异有统计学意义;发生插入性性行为的比例为7.0%（76/1 082）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,职业高中（与普通高中相比,OR=0.41,95% CI：0.29~0.59）、无性健康知识需求（与有需求相比,OR=0.62,95% CI：0.43~0.91）、未关注艾滋病宣传材料（与关注相比,OR=0.41,95% CI：0.30~0.56）、不知晓安全性行为（与知晓相比,OR=0.55,95% CI：0.39~0.77）和不知晓正确使用安全套（与知晓相比,OR=0.33,95% CI：0.24~0.46）的调查对象艾滋病知识知晓率较低。结论 调查的天津市高一学生艾滋病知识知晓率普遍较低,有的学生发生过插入性性行为。性健康知识对艾滋病知识有显著影响,需加强高中生的性健康教育和艾滋病健康教育工作。     

四川省绵阳市男男性行为人群婚后同性性行为现状及其相关因素分析

目的 了解绵阳市MSM婚后同性性行为现状及其相关因素。方法 2017年1-10月在绵阳市采用滚雪球法招募MSM开展横断面调查,并进行HIV检测,采用多因素logistic回归分析婚后同性性行为的相关因素。采用EpiData 3.1软件和SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 研究对象MSM 234人,婚后同性性行为发生率为94.9%（222/234）,最近6个月有同性肛交占94.4%（221/234）,最近6个月每次肛交安全套使用率为57.9%（128/221）。HIV感染率为8.1%（18/222）。婚后同性性行为发生主要原因为内心驱使（87.8%,195/222）和压力释放（12.2%,27/222）。性伴主要为临时男性性伴（62.2%,138/222）、固定男性性伴（26.1%,58/222）和固定男朋友（11.7%,26/222）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,受内心驱使/压力释放而发生婚后同性性行为的相关因素包括文化程度为高中及以上（与初中及以下相比,OR=3.65,95% CI：1.33~9.98）、本地居住时间>1年（与本地居住≤ 1年相比,OR=23.28,95% CI：1.67~324.89）、社区朋友数≥ 10人（与社区朋友数<10人相比,OR=4.15,95% CI：1.28~13.43）、夫妻性生活无快感者（与夫妻性生活有快感者相比,OR=3.25,95% CI：1.22~8.62）、最近6个月肛交人数≥ 2人（与肛交人数≤ 1人相比,OR=0.28,95% CI：0.09~0.81）。结论 绵阳市MSM婚后同性性行为发生率和HIV感染率均较高,由于内心驱使而发生婚后同性性行为的相关因素包括高中及以上文化程度、本地居住时间>1年、社区朋友数≥ 10人、夫妻性生活无快感;由于压力释放而发生婚后同性性行为的相关因素为最近6个月肛交人数≥ 2人。     

凉山彝族自治州HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药情况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解凉山彝族自治州（凉山州）HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药情况及其影响因素,为预防HIV-1耐药毒株的传播提供参考依据。方法 分别于2017年1月1日至6月30日、2018年1月1日至6月30日在凉山州开展HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药的横断面调查。提取获得HIV-1 pol基因区序列,根据2014年WHO耐药监测指南的推荐标准,应用HyPhy 2.2.4和Cytoscape 3.6.1软件进行HIV-1耐药毒株传播网络分析。结果 研究对象464例HIV/AIDS,HIV-1毒株为CRF07_BC亚型的占88.6%（411/464）,总的HIV-1耐药率为9.9%（46/464）,非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTI）、核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NRTI）和蛋白酶抑制剂（PI）耐药率分别为6.7%（31/464）、1.9%（9/464）和0.4%（2/464）;有1组HIV-1新型重组毒株URF_01BC亚型独立成簇并携带相关耐药突变位点;多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,与异性性传播人群相比,注射吸毒人群的HIV-1耐药风险较高（aOR=3.03,95% CI：1.40～6.54）。结论 凉山州HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前的HIV-1耐药率较高,且有新型重组毒株URF_01BC亚型携带相关耐药突变位点的成簇传播,建议加强HIV-1耐药毒株传播的预防工作。