Temporal variations of fluctuating asymmetry in wing size and shape of Triatoma infestans populations from northwest Argentina

Environmentally-induced developmental instability has frequently been assessed using fluctuating asymmetry (FA) methods. For Triatoma infestans, the major vector of Chagas disease, the combined effects of host-feeding sources and habitats affected wing developmental instability depending on sex in Figueroa villages, northwest Argentina. Here we investigated whether habitat, sex, season/year and insecticide applications affected wing developmental instability in T. infestans populations from Amamá and other rural villages of northwest Argentina over a four-year period. We measured the occurrence and amount of wing size and shape FA in 423 adult triatomines collected in domiciles, goat corrals, pig corrals, storerooms and wood piles. Significant wing size and wing shape FA occurred in females and males from all habitats as determined by two-way mixed ANOVA and Procrustes ANOVA, respectively. For wing size and shape, the highest corrected indices of FA (FAI) for females occurred in wood piles, goat corrals and domiciles in late summer or early autumn, whereas for males, the largest FAIs consistently appeared in domiciles and storerooms. Wing size FAIs were significantly higher in recently infested goat corrals rather than in persistently infested goat corrals. The follow-up of four infested peridomestic sites showed that FA patterns were not stable over time or sites. Temporal variation of FA among habitats appears to be modified by the history of insecticide spraying, either through direct effects on insect development or through indirect effects related to flight dispersal and house invasion. Whether FA may provide another marker to identify the sources of reinfestant triatomines requires further investigation.     

娱乐行业从业人员艾滋病防治知识培训效果调查分析

目的：了解娱乐行业从业人员等高危人群艾滋病基本知识知晓率。方法：对辖区36家娱乐行业296名从业人员进行艾滋病防治基本知识培训,通过比较培训前、后的调查问卷结果,对培训效果进行分析。结果：调查对象对艾滋病的相关知识所涉及到的26道题在培训前后的回答正确率存在显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论：培训确实可以显著提高娱乐行业等高危人群对艾滋病的认识,达到提高他们主动预防艾滋病能力的目的。     

山东某大型化工厂新建离子膜烧碱项目职业病危害预评价

[目的]识别和分析离子膜烧碱生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害因素及其主要环节,预测可能造成的职业病危害及程度,确定建设项目的职业病危害类别。[方法]2009年11月,我们依据该建设项目的职业病危害特点,采用类比法、检查表分析法等进行综合分析、定性和定量评价。[结果]通过对拟评价项目相似工程的职业卫生调查、相关技术资料的分析,本项目存在的职业病危害因素为氯气、氯化氢、氢氧化钠、硫酸及噪声,类比企业各工种工作日内有害物质浓度C-MAC（氯气〈0．04～0．45mg／m^3、氯化氢〈0．2～0．65mg／m^3）、氢氧化钠0．11～0．21mg／m^3）、C-STEL（硫酸0．15～0.29mg／m。）均符合国家卫生标准要求。各工种工作B内接触生产性噪声等效连续A声级计算值均〈85dB,符合国家卫生标准要求。[结论]该项目属职业病危害严重项目。该项目如能落实可研报告中的职业病预防措施和本评价报告的补充措施建议,在职业病危害控制方面是可行的。     

2009年聊城市大型超市散装食品卫生状况调查

[目的]全面了解聊城市散装食品卫生状况,贯彻落实好卫生部《散装食品卫生管理规范》。[方法]2009年6～9月,在聊城市所属8个县（市、区）48个超市中随机抽取16家大型超市对散装食品的卫生状况进行调查。[结果]调查的16家超市中,没有一家散装食品卫生管理的15条措施全部合格,其中过期食品的处理记录不详的12家,从业人员销售直接入口散装食品时口罩、手套及帽子配戴不全或不规范的10家,采购散装食品时证件索取不全的10家,冷藏冷冻设施数量不足或运转不正常的8家。抽查散装食品361份,细菌总数合格率为73．96％,大肠菌群合格率为74．79％。[结论]聊城市大型超市散装食品卫生管理存在较多问题,食品微生物污染较为严重。     

2008年聊城市男男性行为者艾滋病高危行为调查

[目的]了解男男性行为者(MSM)的社会学特征、艾滋病高危性行为、知识知晓及HIV感染情况。[方法]2008年6～9月应用同伴推动抽样法(RDS)对聊城市的MSM进行抽样,通过现场问卷调查和血清学检测了解其高危行为因素及HIV感染等情况,资料分析使用RDSAT、Excel软件完成。[结果]调查204名MSM,有58.33%的自我认同为同性恋;艾滋病防治知识知晓率为61.27%;有76.47%的MSM与同性发生过口交性行为,有78.38%的MSM与同性发生过肛交性行为,有60.29%的MSM与异性发生过性关系。发生以上高危性行为的MSM,最近6个月内,有89.32%与多个同性发生过肛交,有89.71%与多个同性发生过口交,有86.99%与异性发生过性行为,但最近6个月肛交性行为时安全套使用率仅为25.53%;检出HIV感染者2例,感染率为1.51%。[结论]聊城市MSM人群有较强的认同感,艾滋病知识知晓率低,性伴多且不固定,安全套使用率低,存在HIV在MSM人群中传播的危险。     

MR imaging of the cisternal segment of the posterior group of cranial nerves: Neurovascular relationships and abnormal changes

Objective

To evaluate the detailed anatomic features, neurovascular relationships of the cisternal segment of the posterior group of cranial nerves (PGCN: IX, X, XI, XII); to evaluate the utility of magnetic resonance (MR) in demonstrating the PGCN with disorders caused by abnormal compression related to artery or tumor.

Methods

A total of 59 volunteers, 12 patients with abnormal symptom in the PGCN underwent three-dimensional (3D) Fourier transformation constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) MR imaging, and 22 of these volunteers and 12 patients also underwent MR angiography in which a time-of-flight (TOF) sequence was used to further distinguish the PGCN from the adjacent blood vessels. Anatomical features, neurovascular relationships of the PGCN in 59 volunteers and abnormal changes in 12 patients caused by neurovascular compression or tumor were observed from multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) images, cryomicrotome section and 3D-CISS MR imaging of cranial cadaver were used to testify the PGCN displayed in 59 volunteers.

Results

3D-CISS MR imaging depicted the proximal cisternal segment of the cranial nerves complex (CN IX, X, XI) at the oblique axial, sagittal planes in 100% (118/118), 99% (117/118) of 118 sides; CNXII in the oblique axial, sagittal planes in 90% (106/118), 91% (107/118) of 118 sides. At the sagittal planes, the CN IX, X, XI were found parallel to each other in the cisternal segment in 45.2% (53/117) of 117 sides, gathering into a bundle of nerves complex before entering the jugular foramen (JF) in 54.7% (64/117) of 117sides. VAs were blood vessels more often identified, they were found to be in contact with the PGCN in 28.0% (33/118) of 118 sides, and not in contact in 72.0% (85/118) of 118 sides. 3D-CISS MR imaging of volunteers revealed the similar result corresponding to cryomicrotome section and 3D-CISS MR imaging of cranial cadaver. Twelve patients with abnormal changes in the PGCN were all displayed well, among them 8 were pressed by arteries, 1 by arachnoid cyst, and 3 caused by tumors.

Conclusion

Use of 3D-CISS sequence enables accurate identification of the cisternal segment of the PGCN, neurovascular relationships and abnormal changes caused by neurovascular compression or tumor.     

Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hand,foot and mouth disease (2018 edition)

Background

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in childhood caused by an enterovirus (EV), and which is principally seen in children under 5 years of age. To promote diagnostic awareness and effective treatments, to further standardize and strengthen the clinical management and to reduce the mortality of HFMD, the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment have been developed.

Methods

National Health Commission of China assembled an expert committee for a revision of the guidelines. The committee included 33 members who are specialized in diagnosis and treatment of HFMD.

Results

Early recognition of severe cases is utmost important in diagnosis and treatment of patients with HFMD. The key to diagnosis and treatment of severe cases lies in the timely and accurate recognition of stages 2 and 3 of HFMD, in order to stop progression to stage 4. Clinicians should particularly pay attention to those EV-A71 cases in children aged less than 3 years, and those with disease duration less than 3 days. The following indicators should alert the clinician of possible deterioration and impending critical disease: (1) persistent hyperthermia; (2) involvement of nervous system; (3) worsening respiratory rate and rhythm; (4) circulatory dysfunction; (5) elevated peripheral WBC count; (6) elevated blood glucose and (7) elevated blood lactic acid. For treatment, most mild cases can be treated as outpatients. Patients should be isolated to avoid cross-infection. Intense treatment modalities should be given for those severe cases.

Conclusion

The guidelines can provide systematic guidance on the diagnosis and management of HFMD.

     

信息-动机-行为技巧模型在男男性行为者艾滋病高危干预中的应用研究

目的介绍一种艾滋病健康教育行为干预模式,即在男男性行为者中应用信息、动机、行为技巧行为干预模型(Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model,IMB),并对其原理及模型的建立进行介绍。方法模型假设艾滋病预防行为是一个函数,将个人有关预防行为的信息、参与AIDS预防的动机、实施预防行为的技巧看作自变量,自变量之间以及自变量与函数间存在方向性的关联。行为技巧直接影响预防行为,信息和动机可以激活行为技巧,通过行为技巧间接引发预防行为的产生和保持。结果χ2值可用来恰当地反映模型的拟合优度,本研究中χ2=111.65,ν=50,χ2/ν=2.23,国外的文献建议比值在2.0到5.0之间,说明模型拟合较好。结论本模型的构建是成功的,模型全面、详细而又简约地描述了各因素对艾滋病预防行为的影响及相互之间的关系。行为技巧直接影响预防行为,信息和动机可以激活行为技巧,通过行为技巧间接引发预防行为的产生和保持。     

聊城市乙肝疫苗免疫效果评价研究

目的评价聊城市开展阻断乙肝行动乙肝疫苗接种后的免疫效果。方法抽取本市3个县1 500人,对其中HBsAg、抗-HBs检测均为阴性的给予乙肝疫苗注射,于完成全程免疫后1个月进行抗原抗体检测。利用SPSS16.0统计软件进行统计分析。结果 HBsAg、抗-HBs检测均为阴性的为849人,不同地区、不同年龄组人群间乙肝疫苗免疫成功率差异有统计学意义。结论乙肝疫苗接种工作应进一步加强,对无应答者给予加强复种,并在健康人群中大力开展乙肝疫苗接种的相关健康教育工作。