Comparison of influenza antibody titers among women who were vaccinated in the 2nd and the 3rd trimesters of pregnancy

BackgroundWe compared cord blood antibody titers in unvaccinated pregnant women to those vaccinated with seasonal influenza vaccine during the 2^nd and the 3^rd trimesters.MethodsPregnant women had cord blood collected at delivery for hemagglutination inhibition assay against vaccine reference viruses: A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09, A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2), and B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage). Geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios were calculated comparing vaccinated versus unvaccinated pregnant women, and women vaccinated in the 2^nd and the 3^rd trimesters. Proportions of women achieving defined titers were compared using the χ² test.ResultsOf 307 women, 190 (62%) were unvaccinated. Fifty and 67 were vaccinated during the 2^nd and the 3^rd trimesters, respectively. Median enrollment age was 29 years (interquartile range 24–34). Sixteen (5%) women had pre-existing conditions, but none were immunocompromised. GMT ratios comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated women were 5.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.06–6.96) for influenza A/California, 5.39 (95% CI 4.18–6.08) for influenza A/Switzerland, and 5.05 (95% CI 4.43–5.85) for influenza B/Phuket. Similarly, the GMT ratios comparing the 3^rd and the 2^nd trimester vaccinated women were 2.90 (95% CI 2.54–3.39), 2.82 (95% CI 2.56–3.13), and 2.83 (95% CI 2.56–3.14), respectively. The proportions of women with defined titers for the three vaccine reference viruses did not differ between 2^nd and 3^rd trimester vaccinated women (titers ≥40: 68–92% versus 70–93%; ≥110: 32% versus 33–63%; and ≥330: 4–10% versus 3–21%).ConclusionsPregnant women vaccinated against influenza had more placental transfer of influenza antibodies to their infants than unvaccinated women. Placental transfer of antibodies was higher among those vaccinated in the 3^rd trimester than in the 2^nd trimester. There was no difference in the proportions of women achieving antibody titers corresponding to protection against influenza in children. Findings support the current World Health Organization’s recommendation that pregnant women may be vaccinated in either 2^nd or 3^rd trimester of pregnancy.     

Cost-effectiveness of pediatric norovirus vaccination in daycare settings

ObjectiveNoroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States and outbreaks frequently occur in daycare settings. Results of norovirus vaccine trials have been promising, however there are open questions as to whether vaccination of daycare children would be cost-effective. We investigated the incremental cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical norovirus vaccination for children in daycare settings compared to no vaccination.MethodsWe conducted a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis using a disease transmission model of children attending daycare. Vaccination with a 90% coverage rate in addition to the observed standard of care (exclusion of symptomatic children from daycare) was compared to the observed standard of care. The main outcomes measures were infections and deaths averted, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Cost-effectiveness was analyzed from a societal perspective, including medical costs to children as well as productivity losses of parents, over a two-year time horizon. Data sources included outbreak surveillance data and published literature.ResultsA 50% efficacious norovirus vaccine averts 571.83 norovirus cases and 0.003 norovirus-related deaths per 10,000 children compared to the observed standard of care. A $200 norovirus vaccine that is 50% efficacious has a net cost increase of $178.10 per child and 0.025 more QALYs, resulting in an ICER of $7,028/QALY. Based on the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, we estimated that a $200 vaccination with 50% efficacy was 94.0% likely to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay of $100,000/QALY threshold and 95.3% likely at a $150,000/QALY threshold.ConclusionDue to the large disease burden associated with norovirus, it is likely that vaccinating children in daycares could be cost-effective, even with modest vaccine efficacy and a high per-child cost of vaccination. Norovirus vaccination of children in daycare has a cost-effectiveness ratio similar to other commonly recommended childhood vaccines.     

Estimating the number of averted illnesses and deaths as a result of vaccination against an influenza pandemic in nine low- and middle-income countries

BackgroundDuring the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic, 77 countries received donated monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine through the WHO Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine Deployment Initiative. However, 47% did not receive their first shipment until after the first wave of virus circulation, and 8% did not receive their first shipment until after the WHO declared the end of the pandemic. Arguably, these shipments were too late into the pandemic to have a substantial effect on virus transmission or disease burden during the first waves of the pandemic.ObjectivesIn order to evaluate the potential benefits of earlier vaccine availability, we estimated the number of illnesses and deaths that could be averted during a 2009-like influenza pandemic under five different vaccine-availability timing scenarios.MethodsWe adapted a model originally developed to estimate annual influenza morbidity and mortality burden averted through US seasonal vaccination and ran it for five vaccine availability timing scenarios in nine low- and middle-income countries that received donated vaccine.ResultsAmong nine study countries, we estimated that the number of averted cases was 61–216,197 for actual vaccine receipt, increasing to 2,914–283,916 had vaccine been available simultaneously with the United States.ConclusionsEarlier delivery of vaccines can reduce influenza case counts during a simulated 2009-like pandemic in some low- and middle-income countries. For others, increasing the number of cases and deaths prevented through vaccination may be dependent on factors other than timely initiation of vaccine administration, such as distribution and administration capacity.     

浙江省公立小学食堂午餐供餐现状

  目的  评价浙江省公立小学食堂午餐供应现状,为开展学生午餐科学指导提供依据。  方法  2019年5-6月,9-10月,采用称重法和记账法对浙江省44所公立小学食堂午餐的食物供应情况及就餐人数进行2次调查,每次调查1周。  结果  40.91%的学校食堂配餐时依据学生口味,45.45%制作食谱时参考《学生餐营养指南》。食物种类供应中,谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果、畜禽肉、鱼虾类、蛋类、牛奶、大豆坚果类、植物油、盐的供应量分别为109.05,118.01,0,63.96,9.25,11.31,0,10.68,10.47,2.54 g。只有植物油的供应量与推荐量基本持平。各类营养素的供应中,能量、蛋白质、脂肪供能比、碳水化合物供能比、钙、铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素C和膳食纤维的供应量分别为820.84 kcal,32.79 g,37.56%,48.47%,164.18 mg,7.84 mg,4.71 mg,23.07 μgRAE,0.41 mg,0.35 mg,20.47 mg,2.34 g; 只有能量、维生素B₁的供应量与推荐量基本持平(P值均>0.05)。城镇与乡村小学午餐各类食物和营养素之间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。  结论  浙江省公立小学食堂午餐供应情况不容乐观,供应结构不合理,某些营养素供应量与推荐量差距较大。建议结合本地饮食特点进行学生餐科学指导。     

天津市中小学校教室采光照明与学生视力不良的关系

  目的  了解天津市中小学校教室采光照明和学生视力不良的关系,为有针对性地制定中小学生视力保护措施提供参考依据。  方法  于2020年9—10月,采用分层整群抽样的方法,选取天津市89所中小学共623间教室、24 713名学生为研究对象。采用照度计监测教室采光照明环境,标准对数视力灯箱检测学生裸眼视力。采用SPSS 24.0进行χ2检验、方差分析和二元Logistic回归分析。  结果  天津市中小学生视力不良检出率为67.86%,黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、黑板面照度均匀度、课桌面平均照度、课桌面照度均匀度合格率分别为58.11%,53.13%,73.19%,66.61%,75.12%。单因素分析显示,黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、课桌面平均照度、课桌面照度均匀度是否合格对中小学生视力不良影响差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为311.29,62.54,61.71,6.59,P值均 < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、课桌面平均照度不合格与中小学生视力不良均呈正相关[OR值(OR值95%CI)分别为1.19(1.11~1.27),1.27(1.17~ 1.37),1.11(1.02 ~1.20),P值均 < 0.05]。  结论  天津市中小学生视力不良问题较严重,黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、课桌面平均照度是中小学生发生视力不良的重要影响因素,应营造良好的教室采光照明环境。     

北京市2016—2018年夏季高温对儿童急诊入院的影响

  目的  分析北京市夏季高温对儿童急诊入院的不良影响,为儿童高温健康防护政策的制定提供科学依据。  方法  收集2016—2018年夏季(6—9月)北京市30家医院儿童急诊入院数据及同期逐日气象因素和空气污染物数据。基于Quasi-Possion回归广义线性模型分析北京市夏季日平均温度对儿童因非意外总疾病、心脑血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病急诊入院的影响。  结果  2016—2018年夏季,北京市日均温度为(24.06±3.59)℃,日相对湿度为(65.08±17.45)%。暴露当日日平均温度每升高1 ℃,北京市0~14岁儿童因非意外总疾病、呼吸系统疾病急诊入院风险分别增加0.21,0.64倍,尚未观察到高温对于儿童因心脑血管系统疾病急诊入院的影响。高温对于不同年龄组儿童急诊入院影响不一致,其中5~9岁儿童因非意外总疾病急诊入院风险增幅最大,0~4岁儿童易受呼吸系统疾病急诊入院的影响,10~14岁儿童受心脑血管系统疾病急诊入院影响最大。  结论  北京市夏季高温对儿童急诊入院具有显著影响,儿童呼吸系统疾病是夏季高温相关敏感性疾病,相关部门应该给予充分关注。     

大学生自伤行为抑郁焦虑现况及相关性分析

  目的  了解安徽省大学生自伤行为与抑郁、焦虑症状现况及其相关性,为减少大学生自伤行为发生提供理论依据。  方法  采用分层整群抽样的方法,对安徽省5所高校的9 638名在校大学生进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括基本人口学特征、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和自伤行为问卷等。  结果  9 638名大学生自伤行为检出率为22.94%(2 211名),男生(24.51%)高于女生(21.72%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.46,P < 0.05);抑郁检出率为28.57%(2 754名),焦虑检出率为11.11%(1 071名)。抑郁组自伤行为的检出率为33.48%,高于非抑郁组(18.72%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=242.22,P < 0.01);焦虑组自伤行为的检出率为48.74%,高于非焦虑组(19.72%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=453.66,P < 0.01)。抑郁、焦虑均与自伤行为存在正相关(r值分别为0.24,0.27,P值均 < 0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析表明,在控制其他相关的影响因素后,抑郁(OR=1.48)及焦虑(OR=2.84)与大学生自伤行为发生呈正相关(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  安徽省大学生自伤行为、抑郁和焦虑检出率不容乐观,且自伤行为与抑郁、焦虑之间呈正相关。应重视对大学生的心理健康教育。     

新冠肺炎疫情期间某高校首批返校大学生学校适应及防疫行为

  目的  分析新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间某高校首批返校大学生的学校适应情况及行为表现,为制定相应干预措施提供理论依据。  方法  采用方便抽样的方法对某高校首批返校的2 702名大学生进行匿名问卷调查,内容包括大学生的基本信息、返校后学校适应情况及相应行为表现等。  结果  男生对宿舍环境卫生满意度评分高于女生(t=10.28,P < 0.01),对学校安保和后勤保障满意度评分低于女生(t=2.26,P=0.02),农村大学生对学校封闭管理制度评分高于城市大学生(t=2.82,P=0.01),非独生子女在安保后勤、防疫工作、学校对防疫的重视度评分及总评分均高于独生子女(P均 < 0.05)。若调查对象自身出现COVID-19疑似症状,选择立即就医的比例(68.1%)低于他人出现症状劝其就诊的比例(81.3%)(χ2=223.88,P < 0.01)。若调查对象自身出现COVID-19疑似症状,选择报告辅导员的比例(79.5%)低于他人出现症状劝其上报的比例(88.7%)(χ2=97.49,P < 0.01)。2 671名(98.9%)大学生能坚持每天戴口罩,2 457名(90.9%)大学生选择改善饮食以提高自身免疫力。  结论  首批返校大学生对学校各方面满意度较高,能够采取积极措施适应返校生活、做好自我防护,但仍需采取针对性措施进一步加强大学生健康教育。     

香烟辐射水平及所致吸烟者剂量

目的 评估我国吸烟人群因吸烟所致内照射剂量并与其他国家进行比较。方法 收集并分析国内外香烟中²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb辐射水平,推荐主流烟雾中²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb份额,进行我国吸烟者因吸烟所致内照射剂量估算。结果 2015年中国15岁及以上成人现在吸烟者为3.2亿,日平均吸烟量为15.2支;按文献中香烟品牌数量加权的²¹⁰Po /²¹⁰Pb活度均值分别为28.2 mBq/支和39.3 mBq/支;在剂量估算中,²¹⁰Po主流烟雾份额采用模拟装置和志愿者实验结果均值20%,²¹⁰Pb主流烟雾份额采用模拟装置实验结果10%。根据我国日平均吸烟量和现在吸烟者人数估算的我国现在吸烟者年有效剂量为126 μSv·a^-1,集体有效剂量为40746人·Sv。结论 我国香烟中²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb含量约为其它国家香烟的2～3倍,但由于本文采用的主流烟雾份额和²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb剂量转换系数不同于其它文献,所以本文估算的我国吸烟人员吸20支烟所受剂量低于部分国家。