Validation of 4 Estimating Methods to Evaluate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion: Summer and Winter Seasons for College Students in China

Twenty-four-hour urine sample collection is regarded as the gold standard for sodium intake evaluation, but the implementation can be difficult. The objective was to validate and evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of estimating sodium intake by four methods. A group of 268 healthy volunteers aged 18–25 years was enrolled in this study. Twenty-four-hour urine samples as well as timed (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) urine samples were randomly collected in summer and winter. The sodium intake was estimated by four published methods—Kawasaki, INTERSALT, Tanaka, and Sun’s. The consistencies between estimated sodium intake and real measured values of 24-h urinary sodium excretion were compared by Bland–Altman plots in each of the methods. The 24-h urinary sodium analysis result indicated that average daily sodium intake was 3048.4 ± 1225.9 mg in summer and 3564.7 ± 1369.9 mg in winter. At the population level, the bias (estimated value-measured value) was the least with the INTERSALT method with afternoon (−39.7 mg; 95%CI: −164.7, 85.3 mg) and evening (−43.5 mg; 95%CI: −166.4, 79.5 mg) samples in summer. In winter, the Kawasaki method (162.1 mg; 95%CI: 13.5, 310.7 mg) was superior to others. Estimation of sodium intake using the four methods is affected by the time and temperature. In summer, the INTERSALT method provides the best estimation of the population’s mean sodium intake. The Kawasaki method is superior to other methods in winter.     

1990-2016年中国乙型肝炎引起的肝硬化及其他慢性肝病疾病负担变化趋势分析

目的分析1990-2016年中国乙型肝炎引起的肝硬化及其他慢性肝病导致的疾病负担变化情况,为其防治策略的制定提供科学依据。方法利用2016年全球疾病负担(GBD2016)研究结果,分析1990-2016年中国乙型肝炎引起的肝硬化及其他慢性肝病的患病率、死亡率和伤残调整寿命年(DALY)的变化趋势。结果与1990年相比,中国2016年乙型肝炎引起的肝硬化及其他慢性肝病患病和死亡人数分别增加了79.6%和2.4%。患病率增加了49.2%,男性患病率的增幅(50.3%)高于女性(42.3%),15~49岁年龄组人群患病率增幅最大(33.2%)。男性死亡数和DALYs数均呈现上升的趋势,变化率分别为13.6%和2.2%。2016年,年龄标化DALY率排名前五位的省份为青海省(314.6/10万)、贵州省(303.1/10万)、云南省(262.4/10万)、广西壮族自治区(239.6/10万)和台湾省(227.2/10万)。结论1990-2016年,我国乙型肝炎引起的肝硬化及其他慢性肝病患病情况呈现上升趋势,重点为男性和15~49岁年龄组的人群,不同省份疾病负担情况分布不均,防治工作依然不容忽视。     

Simultaneous determination of 11 antiseptic ingredients in surface water based on polypyrrole decorated magnetic nanoparticles

With the emergence and spread of coronavirus COVID-19, the use of personal cleansing, medical and household disinfectant products have increased significantly. In this work, a new magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method for the determination of 11 antiseptic ingredients in surface water by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for 6 months based on Fe₃O₄@PPy magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was established. The MSPE method possessed the advantages of simple processing, little time consumption and less organic solvent consumption, and the MNPs could be reused several times. The analytical parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, such as sample pH, amount of MNPs and extraction time, were optimized in detail. It was indicated that the method had satisfactory linearities in the range of 0.50 to 1000.0 μg L⁻¹ with the correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9996. Additionally, satisfactory spiked recoveries were achieved in the range of 80.21–107.33% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1.98% to 8.05%. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 0.20 to 2.0 μg L⁻¹ and 0.50 to 5.0 μg L⁻¹. Therefore, the developed MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method has high selectivity and stability, and satisfactory quantitative capability for the antiseptic ingredients in surface water. Furthermore, this method can provide relevant technical support for the development of surface water standards.

Polypyrrole decorated magnetic nanoparticles Fe₃O₄@PPy were synthesized by a simple and efficient chemical oxidative polymerization method and used for the extraction of 11 antiseptic ingredients in surface water.     

原花青素B2对PM2.5急性暴露致大鼠心脏毒性的保护作用

目的 探讨原花青素B2(procyanidin B2,PCB2)对PM2.5急性暴露致大鼠心脏毒性的保护作用.方法 24只雄性健康成年SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为三组:生理盐水对照组(持续三蒸水灌胃21 d,在第8天、第10天、第12天气管滴注生理盐水)、PM2.5组(持续三蒸水灌胃21 d,在第8天、第10天、第12...     

Malnutrition diagnosed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria as a predictor of gait ability in patients with hip fracture

AimMalnutrition is common in patients with hip fractures and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) criteria are widely used to diagnose malnutrition. However, the criteria regarding the prediction of gait ability in patients with hip fractures during the acute phase remain unclear. We aimed to determine whether GLIM or ESPEN criteria were more appropriate for predicting gait ability at discharge from an acute hospital.MethodsThis retrospective observational study included hip fracture patients aged ≥ 65 years. Patients were classified as malnourished or non-malnourished according to the GLIM and ESPEN criteria at admission. The primary outcome was gait ability, which was evaluated using functional ambulation categories (FAC) at discharge. We categorized into those with (FAC score ≥ 3 points) and without (< 3 points) improved gait ability. Logistic regression analysis for FAC was performed to determine whether GLIM or ESPEN was predictive of gait ability at discharge.ResultsOverall 157 patients were included; the median age was 84 years, and 75.3% were female. The prevalence of malnutrition was 73.9% and 25.5% according to the GLIM and ESPEN criteria, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that malnutrition evaluated using the GLIM criteria were predictive of lower FAC at discharge (odds ratio, 0.394; 95% CI, 0.164–0.946), while ESPEN criteria did not show statistically significant differences (odds ratio, 0.625; 95% CI, 0.292–1.335).ConclusionGLIM criteria are useful for predicting gait ability at discharge during acute hospitalization in patients with hip fractures.     

The effect of gamma radiation on the degradation of Salbutamol

The use of ionizing radiation for sterilization of pharmaceuticals is now a well established technology. Degradation of salbutamol was investigated after gamma irradiation using HPLC and ESR spectroscopy. HPLC evidenced the formation of radiolytic products after gamma irradiation. Salbutamol showed a degradation of nearly 2% at 25 kGy. Sterilization of salbutamol in the liquid state appeared not technically feasible. Simulation of the increase of free radicals versus dose was performed using linear and polynomial regression. These radicals could be detected even after a storage period of more than 12 months.     

Simultaneous determination of four phenolic acids in traditional Chinese medicine by capillary electrophoresis-chemiluminescence

Chlorogenic, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids are phenolic acids found in natural drugs. They possess the biological activities of scavenging free radicals and inhibiting thrombus formation. Phenolic acids can inhibit the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, as well as have anti-inflammatory effects. This paper reports for the first time a capillary electrophoresis–chemiluminescence (CE–CL) method for the simultaneous determination of the four phenolic acids found in traditional and proprietary Chinese medicine, including Lycium chinense Miller, Shuanghuanglian oral liquid, and Taraxacum mongolicum granules. Capillary electrophoretic separation was performed on a self-assembled CE–CL device with an uncoated fused-silica capillary (66 cm effective length, 50 μm i.d.), and the background electrolyte was composed of 3.0 × 10⁻⁵ M Ag(iii) (pH = 12.01), 3.0 mM luminol (pH = 9.20), and 10 mM sodium tetraborate solution. The injection time was 12 s (under gravity) and the separation voltage was 22 kV. The combination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and CE–CL improves the sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, calibration graphs displayed a linear range between 0.625 and 20.0, 1.000 and 30.0, 0.150 and 1.50, and 0.045 and 1.00 μg mL⁻¹ for chlorogenic, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acid, respectively. The detection limit ranged from 0.014 to 0.300 μg mL⁻¹. The practicality of using the proposed method to determine the four target analytes in traditional Chinese medicine was also validated, in which recoveries ranged from 90.9% to 119.8%. Taken together, these results indicate that the developed method is sensitive and reliable. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to real traditional Chinese medicine samples.

Chlorogenic, ferulic, vanillic, and caffeic acids are phenolic acids found in natural drugs.     

Polystyrene nanofibers as an effective sorbent for the adsorption of clonazepam: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Polystyrene (PS) electrospun nanofibers were prepared via electrospinning for the adsorption of clonazepam from aqueous solution. The adsorption conditions such as adsorption time, solution pH and the amount of adsorbent were optimized. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic properties of clonazepam on PS nanofibers were studied under optimized conditions. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model can fit well the adsorption process of clonazepam on polystyrene nanofibers, indicating that the diffusion process in the fiber is the rate-limiting step of the adsorption process. The adsorption equilibrium data are in accordance with the Freundlich isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity is 3.2 mg g⁻¹. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. It was suggested that PS electrospun nanofibers have good potential for the separation and purification of clonazepam from a water-soluble matrix as a novel effective adsorbent material.

Polystyrene (PS) electrospun nanofibers were prepared via electrospinning for the adsorption of clonazepam from aqueous solution.