Caesarean section and gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and sensitisation during the first year of life.

AIMS: To investigate the effect of caesarean section on gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and sensitisation to nutritional allergens in infants. METHODS: A total of 865 healthy full term neonates with parental history of allergy participating in the prospective German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program (GINI) were exclusively breast fed during the first four months of life and had a one year follow up. Data were obtained by follow up visits at age 1, 4, 8, and 12 months, weekly diaries for the first six months, and measurement of total and specific IgE at birth and 12 months. RESULTS: Infants born by caesarean section (147/865, 17%) had a greater risk of diarrhoea (OR(adj) 1.46, 95% CI 1.022 to 2.10) and sensitisation to food allergens, both in adjusted (OR(adj) 2.06, 95% CI 1.123 to 3.80) and stratified analyses (by cord blood IgE). Caesarean delivery was not associated with colicky pain and atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSION: Caesarean delivery might be a risk factor for diarrhoea and sensitisation in infants with family history of allergy. Further research in this area seems warranted as choosing caesarean section becomes increasingly popular.     

Research utilization and the impact of health promotion policy

Summary Objectives:The conditions under which research utilization leads to policy impact are an important issue in health promotion. This analysis tests the assumption that utilization is positively associated with policy impact only if both political will (i.e., policy opportunities) and social strategies (in intervention and implementation) are present.Methods:A survey of 719 policymakers involved in four poli-cies was conducted in six European countries. Policy impact (output, i.e., program implementation, and outcome, i.e., effects on behavior) and its proposed determinants were analyzed.Results:Regression analyses reveal limited cross-national differences in research utilization, but show comparably high use in policies with a pathogenic focus. Utilization is associated with impact only if political will is lacking; for outcome, this tends to depend on social strategies. Political will is the strongest determinant of impact.Conclusions:Research utilization is not supporting health promotion policy impact if political will is favorable, but if it is poor; political will itself is the crucial determinant of impact. The study contributes to the research utilization-field by showing that research utilization may partially compensate for lack of, rather than depend on, political will.     

Neutralization Assay Using a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein Is a High-Throughput Method To Monitor the Humoral Immune Response against Vaccinia Virus

Vaccination against smallpox is again considered in order to face a possible bioterrorist threat, but the nature and the level of the immune response needed to protect a person from smallpox after vaccination are not totally understood. Therefore, simple, rapid, and accurate assays to evaluate the immune response to vaccinia virus need to be developed. Neutralization assays are usually considered good predictors of vaccine efficacy and more informative with regard to protection than binding assays. Currently, the presence of neutralizing antibodies to vaccinia virus is measured using a plaque reduction neutralization test, but this method is time-consuming and labor-intensive and has a subjective readout. Here, we describe an innovative neutralization assay based on a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing the green fluorescent protein (MVA-gfp). This MVA-gfp neutralization assay is rapid and sensitive and has a high-throughput potential. Thus, it is suitable to monitor the immune response and eventually the efficacy of a large campaign of vaccination against smallpox and to study the vector-specific immune response in clinical trials that use genetically engineered vaccinia viruses. Most importantly, application of the highly attenuated MVA eliminates the safety concern in using the replication-competent vaccinia virus in the standard clinical laboratory.     

Concentration of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen free radical formation from urban particulate matter

PM2.5 filter samples were collected in summer 2005 at an urban background site in Augsburg, Germany. They were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their oxygenated derivatives (O-PAH) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Oxygen free radical formation (reactive oxygen substances, ROS) was measured by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy after addition of spin trapping agent directly on the same filters. The concentrations of ambient, high-boiling PAH and O-PAH were highly correlated to ROS formation, even better than to particulate mass or number concentration. Correlations were most pronounced for some polycyclic aromatic monoketones (e.g., benz[de]anthracene-7-one), which are not yet reported in literature to be redox cycling active. The association found between ESR measurements and the presence of specific semivolatile organic compounds suggests an important influence of wood burning in PM2.5-associated ROS formation. These results indicate that further research on the relationship between radical formation and presence of specific O-PAH and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) are likely to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the source-dependent chemical composition of PM and the toxicological risks associated with PM exposure.     

The antibody 2B4 directed against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) detects MAGE-4: implications for studies on the EBV association of human cancers

We have previously developed two monoclonal antibodies against the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), designated 1H4 and 2B4. Both detect EBNA1 by in situ staining in established EBV-positive tumours, e.g. Hodgkin's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. An association of EBV with other tumours, notably breast carcinomas, has been reported but remains controversial. Using the antibody 2B4, a nuclear protein has been detected in breast carcinomas that were EBV-negative by other methods, suggesting cross-reactivity with a cellular protein. Furthermore, an association of EBV with various other carcinomas has been reported on the basis of 2B4 immunohistochemistry. Here we show that 2B4 also binds to MAGE-4, a cancer testis antigen expressed in a variety of tumour cells, including breast carcinoma, seminoma and EBV-negative cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma. We conclude that the 2B4 antibody is not suitable for the detection of EBV infection but that additional techniques, particularly in situ hybridization for the detection of the EBV-encoded RNAs (EBERs), should be employed to confirm the presence of EBV. Our results add to the evidence indicating that breast cancer is not an EBV-associated disease.     

Trends in prevalence of atopic diseases and allergic sensitization in children in Eastern Germany.

Trends in prevalence of atopic diseases and allergic sensitization in children from Eastern Germany during the 1990s were analysed. The study consisted of three regional cross-sectional surveys of a total of 7,632 children (aged 5-14 yrs) in 1992-1993, 1995-1996, and 1998-1999. Information was gathered on atopic diseases and potential predictors by a parental questionnaire. Allergic sensitization for birch, grass, mite, cat, and cladosporium were assessed by radioallergosorbent test (RAST). After adjustment for age, sex and the study area of the participants, prevalence increased between the first and third survey for hay fever, for asthma and for atopic eczema. The adjusted prevalence of allergic sensitization (RAST > 0.35 kU x L(-1)) showed a decrease, whereas the prevalence of strong sensitization (RAST > or = 17.5 kU x L(-1)) increased significantly, specifically in cohorts born after 1989. Further adjustment for possible determinants of these atopic diseases did not change the trend estimates. A clear increase in the prevalence of atopic diseases, with the exception of hay fever, was observed as well as a shift towards a stronger allergic sensitization, which might affect the onset of clinical manifestations of atopic diseases. Differences in the epidemiology of respiratory symptoms, illnesses and allergies between populations living in the former East Germany and those living in the former West Germany have been reported. Among East German children, lower prevalence rates of asthma, and positive skin-prick tests were observed compared to West German children in the early 1990s. Similarly, among East German adults, lower specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels and lower prevalence rates of asthma, wheezing, positive methacholine-challenge tests, allergic rhinitis, and positive skin-prick tests have been reported compared to those of West German adults.     

Caesarean section and gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and sensitisation during the first year of life

Aims: To investigate the effect of caesarean section on gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and sensitisation to nutritional allergens in infants. Methods: A total of 865 healthy full term neonates with parental history of allergy participating in the prospective German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program (GINI) were exclusively breast fed during the first four months of life and had a one year follow up. Data were obtained by follow up visits at age 1, 4, 8, and 12 months, weekly diaries for the first six months, and measurement of total and specific IgE at birth and 12 months. Results: Infants born by caesarean section (147/865, 17%) had a greater risk of diarrhoea (OR_adj 1.46, 95% CI 1.022 to 2.10) and sensitisation to food allergens, both in adjusted (OR_adj 2.06, 95% CI 1.123 to 3.80) and stratified analyses (by cord blood IgE). Caesarean delivery was not associated with colicky pain and atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Caesarean delivery might be a risk factor for diarrhoea and sensitisation in infants with family history of allergy. Further research in this area seems warranted as choosing caesarean section becomes increasingly popular.     

Strontium biokinetics in humans: influence of alginate on the uptake of ingested strontium

Radioactive isotopes of strontium, mainly 90Sr, released into the environment due to nuclear accidents may contribute significantly to the internal radiation exposure of members of the public after ingestion of strontium with contaminated foodstuffs. The committed radiation dose is significantly dependent on the fraction of the ingested activity that crossed the gut wall (f1 value). In tracer kinetic investigations, the effect of sodium alginate on the gastrointestinal absorption of strontium was studied in human subjects. Sodium alginate was proven to be a potent agent for reducing strontium absorption with high efficiency and virtually no toxicity. The data obtained show that the uptake of ingested strontium from milk was reduced by a factor of nine when alginate was added to milk. It is concluded that alginate preparations are a suitable antidote against radiostrontium.     

Tumour stem cells--the evidence and the ambiguity

Progressive growth of malignant tumours, metastatic spread and local recurrence after treatment can only be explained by the presence of cells with unlimited proliferative ability. While this is generally accepted, the proportion of such cells and their organization in a hierarchical system of stem cells and non-stem cell progeny is still a matter of controversy. Results of quantitative transplantation and dose requirement of curative radiotherapy have indicated low stem cell fractions in human and early passage rodent tumours, but uncertainty is introduced by uncontrollable experimental or biological factors and the probabilistic nature of stem cell performance itself. Studies using a particular mouse carcinoma (AT17) have given direct insight into the number and clonal expansion of stem cells in situ, strongly supporting the hierarchical concept. The implications are important and concern the relevance of predictive assays, possible mechanisms of accelerated repopulation, or the role of adjuvant treatment strategies.