流动儿童2 055例婴幼儿喂养现状研究

目的 了解研究地区流动儿童婴幼儿喂养现状,以发现存在的主要喂养问题。 方法 采用横断面调查设计,两阶段随机整群抽样方法,以及联合国儿童基金会标准问卷,分别对广东和浙江两省各一个流动人口密集的区市的2 055名2岁以下儿童看护人进行问卷调查,对8个婴幼儿喂养指标进行了描述与分析。结果 调查地区流动儿童婴幼儿早开奶率为18.0%、纯母乳喂养率为13.6%、1岁时持续母乳喂养率为17.0%、2岁时持续母乳喂养率为5.2%、辅食及时添加率为81.1%、辅食添加种类合格率53.9%、辅食添加频率合格率为26.9%、辅食合理添加率为16.9%。 结论研究地区流动儿童母乳喂养和辅食添加的情况水平差,提示流入地应加强对流动人口中婴幼儿喂养的健康促进,改善保健服务利用。     

Recreational Screen-Time Among Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

Rapid urbanization in China has led to a proliferation of electronic entertainment media among youth. Prolonged screen time (ST; includes watching television and playing on computers, video game consoles, or mobile phones) is linked to poor health profiles. The aim of this study was to report recreational ST behaviors and ST correlates among Chinese adolescents living in two regions with different degrees of urbanization.

Methods

A cross-sectional, school-based survey (n = 3461 adolescents; aged 12–14 years old) living in inner-city Shanghai and a peri-urban region of Hangzhou. Students completed a questionnaire including family characteristics, daily ST, and information on family environment related to screen use. Recreational ST was categorized into two groups according to recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics (< or ≥2 h/day). Parents reported their own ST and also reported educational attainment as a proxy for socioeconomic status.

Results

ST was higher among boys than girls and on weekends than weekdays. Peri-urban girls were more likely to exceed 2 h/day ST compared to inner-city girls on weekends. Having a father with no university degree, mother’s TV viewing ≥2 h/day, no ST rules at home, and eating meals in front of the TV were associated with higher ST on both weekdays and weekends, and regional differences were found for weekend ST.

Conclusions

TV viewing and playing on the computer were the most prevalent ST behaviors among Chinese adolescents. Mobile phone playing was less prevalent but persistent throughout the week. More population-level surveillance and research is needed to monitor the trends in ST behaviors and to better understand the characteristics of those who are at risk.Key words: screen time, adolescents, China, urban     

血液透析护理岗位工效学评价

[目的]识别和评价血液透析（血透）护理工作工效学危险因素。[方法]选取某血液净化中心35名血透执行护士,开展问卷调查、任务分析和快速暴露评估（QEC）。[结果]研究对象颈、腰、肩部工作相关肌肉与骨骼疾患年患病率较高,分别为82.4%、80.6%、77.4%;22（62.9%）人自感职业紧张程度评分大于5。执行血透任务中工效学危险因素以不良劳动姿势,长时间站立和走动为主。＂引血上机＂＂取药品器材＂＂下机回血＂三项任务QEC评分在某些评价项目上有差别：对于背部和手腕/手,在＂取药品器材＂任务中评分均高于＂引血上机＂和＂下机回血＂（P〈0.05）;对于颈部及职业紧张,＂取药品器材＂的结果均低于＂引血上机＂和＂下机回血＂（P〈0.05）;对于工作进度,＂取药品器材＂结果低于＂下机回血＂（P〈0.05）。职业紧张在被评估的三项任务中得分处于＂较高＂和＂高＂的等级人数占总人数比例都较大。[结论]血液透析工作存在工效学危险因素,护士心理和生理健康状况可能受到影响。宜采取适当措施,以提高护士职业生命质量。     

Comparative immunogenicity and efficacy of thermostable (lyophilized) and liquid formulation of anthrax vaccine candidate AV7909

The anthrax vaccine candidate AV7909 is being developed as a next-generation vaccine for a post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) indication against anthrax. AV7909 consists of the anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) (Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Lansing, MI) bulk drug substance adjuvanted with the immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) compound, CPG 7909. The addition of CPG 7909 to AVA enhances both the magnitude and the kinetics of antibody responses in animals and human subjects, making AV7909 a suitable next-generation vaccine for use in a PEP setting. Emergent has produced a thermostable (lyophilized) formulation of AV7909 vaccine utilizing drying technology. The purpose of the study described here was to assess the immunogenicity and efficacy of the lyophilized formulation of the AV7909 vaccine candidate as compared with the liquid formulation in the guinea pig general-use prophylaxis (GUP) model. The study also provides initial information on the relationship between the immune response induced by the thermostable formulation of the vaccine, as measured by the toxin neutralization assay (TNA), and animal survival following lethal anthrax aerosol challenge. Results demonstrated that there were no significant differences in the immunogenicity or efficacy of lyophilized AV7909 against lethal anthrax spore aerosol challenge in the guinea pig model as compared to liquid AV7909. For both vaccine formulations, logistic regression modeling showed that the probability of survival increased as the pre-challenge antibody levels increased.     

中日两国水痘及其疫苗接种管理的比较与启示

水痘对儿童生命安全影响巨大,有关水痘疫苗的相关管理尤为重要。当前中国水痘疫苗作为非免疫规划疫苗,实行自愿接种,相关管理较为落后。本文通过查阅国内外知名的文献数据库及国内外政府部门相关网站,获取相关资料进行整理。选取2014年从自愿接种转变为常规接种的日本作为参考,对中日两国的水痘疫情监测系统、发病水平、接种策略、接种率等方面进行对比分析。本文发现国内水痘监测报告信息系统建设较日本好,但是监测策略有待完善,水痘流行病学研究相对落后;日本将水痘疫苗接种纳入常规免疫后发病水平显著下降,而国内水痘疫苗接种策略落后,接种水平低,发病水平高,亟待改善疫苗接种策略。     

医科与非医科本科生睡眠质量及相关因素的比较分析

 目的  比较复旦大学医科生与非医科生睡眠质量的现况,分析影响医科生和非医科生睡眠质量的影响因素,为提高不同专业大学生睡眠质量的干预措施提供依据和方向。方法  采用中文版匹兹堡睡眠质量指数自评量表、世界卫生组织5项身心健康指标量表和自拟睡眠质量影响因素调查表,对复旦大学1 051名在读本科生进行抽样调查。结果  34.9%的医科生和33.3%的非医科生报告存在睡眠质量问题。但本次调查的医科生和非医科生间学生睡眠质量分布不存在差异性(χ2=1.170,P＞0.05)。医科生和非医科生在睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍以及日间功能障碍得分上表现出差异性。影响医科生和非医科生睡眠质量的相同因素是睡眠环境(噪声和温度)、学习压力、身心健康和家族失眠史。医科生的睡眠质量还受床铺舒适度的影响,非医科生的睡眠质量受身体状况好坏的影响。结论  大学生睡眠质量问题较为普遍,医科生和非医科生的睡眠质量影响因素各不相同,在对其进行干预时应选取不同的措施。     

Latency to initiation of antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV in Japan

Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV infection is recommended because it increases care retention rate and reduces the time to viral suppression. In Japan, although ART initiation is delayed, there is little information on the latency to ART initiation (time from HIV diagnosis to ART initiation). The present study was designed to obtain information on the latency to ART initiation in individuals with 1) acute or recent HIV infection (ARH), and with 2) advanced HIV diseases. Questionnaires were sent to 379 regional AIDS facilities requesting information on the people living with HIV (PLWH) who visited their facilities during 2020. Among 1098 new PLWH visitors, 706 were treatment-naïve patients, including 111 (15.7%) with ARH and 304 (43.1%) with advanced HIV diseases. Among those with ARH, only 8.2% received rapid ART initiation (latency to ART <2 weeks) and the time from diagnosis to virological suppression was longer than 14 weeks in 40.4%. Among those with advanced HIV diseases, 36.2% received late ART initiation (latency to ART ≧6 weeks). Our data showed that only a small proportion of PLWH with ARH in Japan received rapid ART. Furthermore, in PLWH with advanced HIV diseases in Japan, current latency to ART seems too long, though the timing of ART commencement should be tailored according to the presence/lack of opportunistic infections and accessibility to medical care. Further investigation is required to identify barriers to rapid ART initiation in Japan.