A Genetic Susceptibility Study of Lung Cancer Risk Potentially Associated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Inhalation Exposure

For lifetime non-smokers, lung cancer risk is mainly associated with inhalation exposure to air pollution. For the Chinese population, indoor air pollution due to solid fuel combustion has been the primary source of inhalation exposure for decades[1]. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the by-products of incomplete combustion. Cooking techniques also expose cooks to high levels of PAHs[2]. Furthermore, on an average, Chinese adults spend up to 20 hours a day indoors[3]. Thus, PAHs are the most ubiquitous carcinogens encountered by Chinese non-smokers in their daily lives. Several studies reported that genetic susceptibility remarkably influenced lung cancer risk potentially associated with PAH inhalation exposure[4-5]. However, few studies have also comprehensively and systematically assessed genetic susceptibility of individuals to lung cancer risk caused by PAH exposure. The main objective of the present study was to establish a comprehensive genetic susceptibility assessment model of lung cancer risk caused by PAH inhalation exposure in non-smokers in China, which includes the systematic process of PAH carcinogenesis.     

云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州2012-2016年新报告HIV感染者流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2012-2016年云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州（德宏州）新报告中国籍和缅甸籍HIV感染者病例流行病学特征,为德宏州有针对性开展艾滋病防控工作提供科学依据。方法 以2012-2016年德宏州所有新报告HIV感染者为研究对象,应用SPSS 22.0软件分析其流行病学特征。结果 2012-2016年,德宏州共新报告HIV感染者5 692例（纳入研究对象5 592例）。中国籍和缅甸籍新报告HIV感染者所占构成比分别为43.3%（2 419例）和56.7%（3 173例）。中国籍和缅甸籍新报告HIV感染者在年份、年龄、性别等社会人口学特征的构成上的差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两类感染者均以20~49岁、男性、小学及以下文化程度、已婚有配偶、农民、CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数≥ 350个/μl等特征为主。中国籍感染者的感染途径以性传播为主,缅甸籍感染者的感染途径以注射吸毒传播为主。结论 2012-2016年德宏州的中国籍和缅甸籍新报告HIV感染者在流行病学特征上存在差异,需要采取不同的防控措施。     

台州市HIV感染者高血压治疗率与控制率现状

  目的   了解台州市人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染者高血压治疗与控制现状,为针对性开展高血压控制工作提供依据。   方法   基于2017年“HIV与衰老相关疾病前瞻性队列研究”的基线数据,于2019年9―12月对到台州市各区县疾病预防控制中心符合基线高血压标准的242名HIV感染者进行问卷调查和体格检查。   结果   本次调查时,HIV感染者的高血压治疗率和控制率分别为44.2%和54.5%。年龄≥45岁、有高血压家族史以及合并高血脂的病人高血压治疗率较高（均有P < 0.05）;未接受治疗者高血压控制率高于采用药物治疗者（χ2=12.067,P < 0.001）;接受治疗者高血压控制率影响因素为有高血压家族史（aOR=0.153,95% CI:0.055~0.420）、基线调查时为轻度（aOR=0.130,95% CI:0.041~0.406）或中重度高血压（aOR=0.263,95% CI:0.075~0.915）;未接受治疗者高血压控制率影响因素为抗病毒治疗时间≥6年（aOR=0.355,95% CI:0.165~0.765）;单一用药与联合用药者高血压控制率差异无统计学意义。   结论   HIV感染者的高血压治疗率和控制率有待提高。应加强该人群血压监测和管理工作,并进一步研究HIV感染合并高血压者的治疗方案。     

以新冠疫情为例探索完善公共卫生事件中家庭服务的定性研究

 目的 了解上海市现阶段家庭服务现状及居民服务需求,完善并构建公共卫生事件中家庭服务的关键要素。方法 采用个人深入访谈和焦点小组访谈相结合的方式,访谈对象包括国内外公共卫生、健康服务、教育、安全等领域的专家,社区工作人员和社区居民,内容涉及家庭服务存在的问题、居民对家庭服务的需求和建议等。结果 上海市公共卫生事件中家庭服务存在7个主要问题：“上下级部门权责不够明确”“社区层面公共卫生专业人才队伍建设存在缺陷”“疫情期间上下级医疗机构之间对接不足”“居民对于社区可以提供家庭服务项目知晓度较低”“公共空间存在卫生死角,小区应急设备维护需要加强”“舆情疏导的渠道有待完善,老年人群体缺乏信息获取的有效媒介”“缺乏实行封闭式管理后一些实际问题的应急预案”。居民需求包括6个方面：“整体家庭服务”“基本生活物资和特殊物资的供应和保障”“专业人员作为支持开展家庭服务”“急症医疗服务”“接受心理干预和了解心理知识”“食品和食品供应链安全”。结论 “政府主导”“跨界合作”“执行主体明确”“居民需求为基础”是关键要素,建议将家庭服务纳入政府常态化建设。     

家庭社会经济地位与学龄前儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的相关研究

目的 了解学龄前儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的流行情况,分析家庭社会经济地位与ADHD发生的关系,为儿童ADHD的防控和干预提供科学依据。方法 采用方便整群抽样的原则,从农村地区的5所幼儿园和城市地区的2所幼儿园共抽取1 142名4~7岁的儿童,对其家长进行问卷调查。采用《ADHD评估量表(第4版)-学龄前儿童版》评估ADHD的症状水平。结果 学龄前儿童ADHD症状阳性率为7.01%,男童检出率为7.38%,女童检出率为6.56%。农村地区检出率为7.99%,城市地区为6.67%。多因素分层回归显示,女童、父亲年龄较大者,家里儿童读物数量较多者,ADHD症状水平较低。此外,3岁后每年生活总花费较高者,其ADHD症状阳性率越高,这种趋势主要表现在城市儿童中,农村儿童则相反。结论 家庭社会经济地位,特别是对学龄前儿童生活的投入与儿童ADHD密切相关,但是城乡差异和儿童年龄差异在其间起重要的调节作用。     

上海市徐汇区3岁以下婴幼儿托育服务需求现况分析

目的 了解上海市徐汇区3岁以下婴幼儿托育服务的需求现况,明确影响入托需求的主要原因,为3岁以下婴幼儿托育服务有效供给提供对策建议。方法 2019年6月采用多阶段抽样,对上海市徐汇区所有的13个街道的1 869位0~3岁儿童家长进行了线上问卷调查,采用多因素Logistic回归方法进行数据分析。结果 调查显示,51.4%的家庭有入托意愿,希望幼儿入托年龄为1~2岁和2~3岁的比例相当,分别为44.4%和45.9%。52.3%的家长会选择将幼儿送进带托班的幼儿园,93.7%的家长希望托育机构提供入托期间的餐食。入托费用方面,60.9%的家庭可负担费用在2 000~4 999元/月,家庭能承受入托费用越高的家庭,其送子女去托育机构的可能性越高(OR=1.47,95%CI:1.22~1.78)。工作状态为朝九晚五的母亲送子女去托育机构的可能性要比不工作的母亲高4倍(OR=4.20,95%CI:2.92~6.06)。结论 托育服务供给应当准确把握服务利用方的需求,增加社区型和普惠型托育机构,满足工作母亲的入托需求,有效增加托育服务供给的可及和可得性。     

Chlorpyrifos exposure causes alternation in dopamine metabolism in PC12 cells

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the organophosphorus pesticides widely used around the world, especially in China. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition is the main effect of organophosphorus insecticides exposure. Studies showed that CPF may also interfere with the metabolism of monoamine transmitters. To investigate the effects of CPF on dopaminergic pathway, the dopamine content, gene expression of catechol-O-methyl- transferase (COMT), vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) and its activity in PC12 cells exposed to CPF was determined. Results showed that cell viability was decreased and total dopamine concentration was increased with CPF administration in a dose-dependent pattern. Gene of MAO was significantly downregulated in PC12 cells, while genes of COMT and VMAT-2 in PC12 cells did not show any change after CPF exposure. The MAO activity was decreased following incubation exposed to CPF. These results suggest that CPF may interfere with dopaminergic pathway through inhibition on gene and protein expression of MAO in vitro.     

The pyrethroid metabolites 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol do not exhibit estrogenic activity in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line or Sprague–Dawley rats

Synthetic pyrethroids are one of the most frequently and widely used class of insecticides, primarily because they have a higher insect to mammalian toxicity ratio than organochlorines or organophosphates. The basic structure of pyrethroids can be characterized as an acid joined to an alcohol by an ester bond. Pyrethroid degradation occurs through either oxidation at one or more sites located in the alcohol or acid moieties or hydrolysis at the central ester bond, the latter reaction being important for mammalian metabolism of most pyrethroids. The primary alcohol liberated from the ester cleavage is hydroxylated to 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, which for most pyrethroids is then oxidized to 3-phenoxybenzoic acid. These products may then be conjugated with amino acids, sulfates, sugars, or sugar acids. In vitro studies have suggested that some of the pyrethroids may have estrogenic activity. Interestingly, the chemical structure of specific pyrethroid metabolites indicates that they may be more likely to interact with the estrogen receptor than the parent compounds. Two of the pyrethroid metabolites, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA) and 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (3PBalc) have been reported to have endocrine activity using a yeast based assay. 3PBAlc exhibited estrogenic activity with reported EC₅₀s of 6.67 × 10^?6 and 2 × 10^?5 while 3PBAcid exhibited anti-estrogenic activity with a calculated IC₅₀ of 6.5 × 10^?5. To determine if the metabolites were able to cause the same effects in a mammalian system, the estrogen-dependent cell line, MCF-7, was utilized. Cells were treated with 1.0, 10.0 or 100.0 μM concentrations of each metabolite and cytotoxicity was assessed. The two lowest concentrations of both metabolites did not induce cell death and even appeared to increase proliferation over that of the control cells. However, when cellular proliferation was measured using a Coulter counter neither metabolite stimulated proliferation (1.0 nM, 10.0 nM, or 10.0 μM) or induced an estrogen receptor α/ERE-controlled luciferase reporter in the MCF-7 cells. Following the in vitro screenings, the metabolites were then evaluated for estrogenic activity in vivo using the uterotrophic assay in Sprague–Dawley rats. Animals were orally gavaged (10.0, 5.0, and 1.0 mg/kg) once daily for 3 days. Neither metabolite had any effect on uterine wet weight, body weight, or organ weight. Lastly, in order to determine if either metabolite was able to alter the onset of puberty, immature female rats were orally gavaged (10.0, 5.0, and 1.0 mg/kg) once a day with the metabolites beginning 1 day post-weaning until the onset of puberty as evidenced by vaginal opening (VO). Again, neither metabolite had any effect on the onset of VO.     

上海市中小学男生隐匿阴茎流行现状及其与肥胖的关系

【目的】 了解上海市6~19岁中小学男生隐匿阴茎的现患率,并分析其与多种肥胖相关身体形态指标的关联。 【方法】 采用分层整群抽样方法,选取上海市小学1年级~高中3年级共1 787男生,通过外生殖器检查和身体测量,获取不同年龄、不同性发育阶段中小学男生的隐匿阴茎现患率,在为所有每1个病例按照学校和年级相同并且年龄相近原则选取4个对照的基础上,通过条件Logistic回归分析隐匿阴茎与肥胖相关多种身体形态指标的关联。 【结果】 隐匿阴茎的总检出率为2.5%,尤以11.0~15.9岁年龄组和性发育早期组的检出率较高。BMI、体重、腰围、臀围、腰臀比、肩胛下部皮褶厚度、肱三头肌部皮褶厚度对于隐匿阴茎的相对危险度分别为1.730、1.158、1.252、1.297、13.734、1.248、1.229,差异均有统计学意义。 【结论】 围青春期肥胖男性的隐匿阴茎问题应引起儿童保健工作者的高度注意,特别是青春发育初期;隐匿阴茎与肥胖相关的多种指标有关,尤其是中心性肥胖。