Reduced serologic sensitivity to influenza A virus illness among inactivated influenza vaccinees

We compared ≥4-fold increases in antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition assay to RT-PCR results among 42 adults with PCR-confirmed influenza A virus illnesses. Serologic sensitivity was higher among unvaccinated (69%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 48–90%) than vaccinated healthcare personnel (38%, 95% CI = 29–46%) in a 2010–11 prospective cohort.     

浙江省2011年新型毒品使用者艾滋病、梅毒和丙型肝炎感染状况及其危险行为特征分析

目的 了解浙江省新型毒品使用者艾滋病、梅毒和丙型肝炎(丙肝)感染水平、相关行为特征以及相互关系。方法 2011年在浙江省6个城市对戒毒人员进行匿名问卷调查,调查内容包括社会人口学、使用毒品种类、性行为、接受干预情况,并采集血液进行艾滋病、梅毒和丙肝抗体检测。利用SPSS 15.0统计软件进行数据分析。结果 共调查3 253人,其中新型毒品使用者1 298人,占39.9%,北部和中部地区、女性、≤25岁年龄组、浙江省户籍和有商业性性行为的吸毒者中使用新型毒品的比例较高。1 298例新型毒品使用者中,使用冰毒者占91.2%,HIV抗体阳性率为0.1%(95%CI:0.0%～0.2%),梅毒抗体阳性率为8.1%(95%CI:6.6%～9.6%),丙肝抗体阳性率为17.3%(95%CI:15.2%～19.4%);艾滋病知识知晓率为12.7%,有注射吸毒史者占9.2%,最近一年有商业性性行为者占29.6%。曾接受安全套发放和咨询的比例为33.4%,曾接受艾滋病检测的比例为14.0%。多因素分析表明,来自中部和南部地区的新型毒品使用者的梅毒感染、丙肝感染和有注射吸毒行为比例高于来自北部地区者;女性是梅毒感染的相关因素;曾注射吸毒和最近一年有商业性性行为与丙肝感染相互关联;曾注射吸毒行为与最近一年商业性性行为相互关联。男性、浙江省户籍及未接受过安全套发放和咨询者更有可能发生商业性性行为。结论 新型毒品使用者梅毒和丙肝感染水平高,不安全行为发生率高,接受干预服务比例低,提示需要提高对该人群的艾滋病、梅毒和丙肝感染风险的认识,设计制定针对该人群的有效干预措施,扩大干预覆盖率。     

Self-reported hepatitis A vaccination as a predictor of hepatitis A virus antibody protection in U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2012

ObjectivesTo estimate the predictive value of self-reported hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) receipt for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody (anti-HAV) from either past infection or vaccination, as an indicator of HAV protection.MethodsUsing 2007–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we assigned participants to 4 groups based on self-reported HepA receipt and anti-HAV results. We compared characteristics across groups and calculated three measures of agreement between self-report and serologic status (anti-HAV): percentage concordance, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values. Using logistic regression we investigated factors associated with agreement between self-reported vaccination status and serological results.ResultsDemographic and other characteristics varied significantly across the 4 groups. Overall agreement between self-reported HepA receipt and serological results was 63.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 61.9–65.2); PPV and NPV of self-reported vaccination status for serological result were 47.0% (95% CI 44.2–49.8) and 69.4% (95% CI 67.0–71.8), respectively. Mexican American and foreign-born adults had the highest PPVs (71.5% [95% CI 65.9–76.5], and 75.8% [95% CI 71.4–79.7]) and the lowest NPVs (21.8% [95% CI 18.5–25.4], and 20.0% [95% CI 17.2–23.1]), respectively. Young (ages 20–29 years), US-born, and non-Hispanic White adults had the lowest PPVs (37.9% [95% CI 34.5–41.5], 39.1% [95% CI, 36.0–42.3], and 39.8% [36.1–43.7]), and the highest NPVs (76.9% [95% CI 72.2–81.0, 78.5% [95% CI 76.5–80.4)], and 80.6% [95% CI 78.2–82.8), respectively. Multivariate logistic analyses found age, race/ethnicity, education, place of birth and income to be significantly associated with agreement between self-reported vaccination status and serological results.ConclusionsWhen assessing hepatitis A protection, self-report of not having received HepA was most likely to identify persons at risk for hepatitis A infection (no anti-HAV) among young, US-born and non-Hispanic White adults, and self-report of HepA receipt was least likely to be reliable among adults with the same characteristics.     

上海市徐汇区和长宁区老年2型糖尿病患者结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染筛查情况及影响因素分析

目的: 分析上海市老年2型糖尿病患者结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染(latent tuberculosis infection,LTBI)筛查情况及其影响因素。方法: 顺序纳入2019年9—12月在上海市徐汇区和长宁区参加公共卫生服务项目体格检查且符合入组标准的60岁及以上老年2型糖尿病患者,共计885例(长宁区430例,徐汇区455例),采用γ-干扰素释放试验检测其LTBI状况。采用调查问卷收集研究对象社会人口学信息、行为生活方式、既往糖尿病和其他慢性病病史及肺结核患者接触史,以及体格检查情况等信息。采用非条件二分类logistic回归分析的方法分析老年糖尿病患者发生LTBI的影响因素。结果: 885例研究对象检出LTBI阳性者130例,阳性率为14.7%;其中,长宁区研究对象LTBI阳性率(17.4%,75/430)高于徐汇区研究对象(12.1%,55/455),差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.057,P=0.025);吸烟者LTBI阳性率(22.5%,20/89)明显高于不吸烟者(13.8%,110/796),差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.783,P=0.039)。logistic回归分析显示,吸烟是老年糖尿病患者发生LTBI的危险因素[OR(95%CI)=1.891(1.031~3.468)]。结论: 上海市老年2型糖尿病患者LTBI阳性率处于较低水平,可对检测阳性患者采取增加随访频次及加强健康教育等措施,并对有吸烟史的老年糖尿病患者开展LTBI筛查。     

Young Men Who Have Sex with Men at High Risk for HIV,Bangkok MSM Cohort Study,Thailand 2006–2014

High HIV incidence has been reported in young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in North America and Western Europe, but there are limited data from Southeast Asia suggesting MSM may be the driver of the HIV epidemic in this region. We described HIV incidence and risk factors among 494 YMSM enrolled in a cohort study in Bangkok, Thailand. The HIV incidence was 7.4 per 100 person-years. In multivariable analysis, reporting use of an erectile dysfunction drug in combination with club drugs, having receptive or both insertive and receptive anal intercourse with men, having hepatitis A infection, having rectal Chlamydia trachomatis, having hepatitis B infection prior to HIV seroconversion, and reporting not always using condoms with male steady partners were significantly associated with HIV incidence in YMSM. Reduction in new HIV infections in YMSM are critical to reach targets set by Thailand and the region.     

DXA-measured visceral fat mass and lean body mass reflect abnormal metabolic phenotypes among some obese and nonobese Chinese children and adolescents

Background and aim

The exact constellation of body composition characteristics among metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) and nonobese (MUNO) children and adolescents remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the major body composition determinants of metabolically unhealthy phenotypes among Chinese children and adolescents.

Pig-tailed macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2GB122 or simian/HIV89.6p express virus in semen during primary infection: new model for genital tract shedding and transmission

Characterizing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression in semen during primary infection remains essential to understanding the risk of sexual transmission. This investigation represents the first systematic evaluation of male genital tract shedding to use a nonhuman primate model, including the impact of exposure route and viral virulence. Male macaques were inoculated with either a chronic disease-causing virus (HIV-2(GB122); n=4 intravenous; n=4 intrarectal) or an acutely pathogenic simian/HIV strain (SHIV(89.6P); n=2 intravenous). All macaques were systemically infected, and seminal plasma virion-associated RNA (vRNA) levels were approximately 10-fold lower than those in blood. In HIV-2(GB122) infection, seminal virus was delayed by 1-2 weeks compared with that in blood. Intrarectal inoculation resulted in a shorter duration of seminal vRNA expression and intermittent seminal cell provirus. No delays, higher peaks ( approximately 50-fold), or longer durations in seminal virus expression were noted for SHIV(89.6P) infection. This novel model definitively establishes that virus dissemination results in early peak seminal levels and provides a basis for evaluating interventions targeting male genital tract expression.     

Adapted Personalized Cognitive Counseling for Episodic Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Episodic drug use and binge drinking are associated with HIV risk among substance-using men who have sex with men (SUMSM), yet no evidence-based interventions exist for these men. We adapted personalized cognitive counseling (PCC) to address self-justifications for high-risk sex among HIV-negative, episodic SUMSM, then randomized men to PCC (n = 162) with HIV testing or control (n = 164) with HIV testing alone. No significant between-group differences were found in the three primary study outcomes: number of unprotected anal intercourse events (UAI), number of UAI partners, and UAI with three most recent non-primary partners. In a planned subgroup analysis of non-substance dependent men, there were significant reductions in UAI with most recent non-primary partners among PCC participants (RR = 0.56; 95 %CI 0.34–0.92; P = 0.02). We did not find evidence that PCC reduced sexual risk behaviors overall, but observed significant reductions in UAI events among non-dependent SUMSM. PCC may be beneficial among SUMSM screening negative for substance dependence.