The incidence, timing, and predisposing factors of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH/IVH) in preterm neonates

Background Germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH/IVH) is a known complication occurring in the first week of life in preterm neonates. However, the precise time of its occurrence and the ideal time to perform diagnostic imaging studies remain controversial. The purpose of this paper is to address these two issues in our patient population to allocate our resources to those at highest risk.Materials and methods This study included 282 premature newborns (under 37 weeks of gestation) that were admitted to our neonate ICU in a year’s time and screened for GMH/IVH. They were grouped in four categories according to their weight at birth, and according to their gestational age. All patients had a daily cranial ultrasound during the first week. It was then repeated once in the second week and once in the third.Results We found that the incidence of GMH/IVH among preterm neonates was 44.68%. It was inversely related to the weight and the age of the newborn. The onset of bleeding coordinated with the occurrence of hypoxia and respiratory distress requiring mechanical ventilation. The majorities occurred in the first 7 days of life; they were mostly grade I and II according to the Papule classification and silent for the most part. Complications were present in 41% of the survivors.     

早产儿瘦素质量浓度与早期静脉营养及生长发育相关性探讨

目的探讨瘦素质量浓度与早期静脉营养及生长发育的关系。方法新疆医科大学第一 附属医院新生儿科于2005 01—2006 02，将收治的86例早产适于胎龄儿用随机数字表法分为观察组(早期微量喂养同时辅助胃肠外营养组)45 例和对照组(单纯早期微量喂养组)47例，分别测定脐血及第7天血清瘦素质量浓度，同时监测营养状况和生长发育指标，并作对比分析。结果 (1)观察组与对照组脐血瘦素质量浓度分别为(4.6±3.7)ng/mL、(4.8±2.2)ng/mL，生后第7天两组瘦素质量浓度分别为(4.3±2.2)ng/mL、(3.1 ±1.7)ng/mL。对照组第7天血清瘦素质量浓度明显低于脐血(P<0.05)，而观察组其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)脐血瘦素质量浓度与出生体 重、胎龄成正相关(r=0.56、r=0.67)。(3)观察组第7天热卡及蛋白质摄入量、血清瘦素质量浓度、皮褶厚度变化值与对照组相比，差异有统计 学意义(P<0.05)。结论对早产儿应尽早喂养，同时需要胃肠外营养作为肠内营养的补充。瘦素可作为新生儿营养效果判定的实验室指标之一。     

脑白质损伤早产儿血清IL-6及NSE的变化及其临床意义

目的了解血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的变化对脑白质损伤早产儿早期诊断的价值。方法观察组为脑白质损伤早产儿35例,对照组为正常早产儿35名。采用ELISA分别于生后1、7、14 d检测两组血清IL-6、NSE水平。结果对照组患儿生后第1、7及14天血清IL-6水平分别为(19.14±1.18)pg/ml、(19.14±1.14)pg/ml及(19.11±1.34)pg/ml,观察组患儿分别为(25.19±3.03)pg/ml、(24.48±2.97)pg/ml及(23.74±2.95)pg/ml,观察组显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均=0.000)。对照组患儿生后第1、7及14天血清NSE水平分别为(4.70±0.36)ng/ml、(4.31±0.29)ng/ml及(4.14±0.30)ng/ml,观察组患儿分别为(6.30±0.89)ng/ml、(6.05±0.86)ng/ml及(5.64±0.75)ng/ml,观察组显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均=0.000)。结论脑白质损伤早产儿血清IL-6和NSE的浓度明显高于对照组。监测早产儿血清IL-6和NSE水平,对脑白质损伤的诊断和治疗效果的评价具有一定临床价值。     

高氧对新生大鼠肺细胞色素C和caspase-3表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨高浓度氧暴露后对新生大鼠肺组织细胞色素C(CytC)、caspase-3动态表达及细胞凋亡的影响。方法将48例新生Spraque-Dawley大鼠生后立即随机分为空气组、高氧组,高氧组予以≥95%氧浓度持续暴露。两组分别于高氧或空气暴露后1、2、3、4 d应用脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的细胞凋亡标记技术检测细胞凋亡,Western blot检测胞质和线粒体内CytC蛋白含量,免疫组织化学检测caspase-3蛋白分布及含量。结果与空气组相比,高氧组肺组织细胞凋亡指数第3天开始持续升高(P<0.01);与空气组相比,高氧暴露2 d胞质内CytC蛋白水平开始增加(P<0.05),3 d达到高峰;线粒体内CytC蛋白水平于第2天开始持续下降(P<0.05);caspase-3蛋白水平于高氧暴露3 d开始增加,呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。结论高氧暴露可致新生大鼠肺组织CytC蛋白由线粒体释放至胞质,CytC分布发生变化,可能通过激活caspase-3进而导致线粒体途径介导的细胞凋亡,从而引起高氧肺损伤。     

胎盘早剥新生儿临床特征及凝血指标分析

目的分析胎盘早剥新生儿的临床特点及凝血指标改变。方法收集2012年8月至2013年1月南方医科大学八一临床医学院新生儿监护病房胎盘早剥患儿60例为观察组,非胎盘早剥患儿60例作为对照组,进行两组临床及实验室指标分析。结果两组患儿比较观察指标,其中胎龄、多胎、胎膜早破、出生体质量、小于胎龄儿、母亲年龄、孕母妊娠期高血压、妊娠期糖尿病、新生儿窒息史、入院时活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-二聚体(D-D),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胎盘早剥系胎盘功能不全,新生儿继发凝血功能紊乱,呈病理性高凝状态。     

The Effect of Maternal Voice on Venipuncture Induced Pain in Neonates: A Randomized Study

BackgroundVenipuncture is a common procedure in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and causes significant pain for neonates.AimTo evaluate the effect of maternal voice on pain caused by venipuncture (including peripheral venipuncture and femoral venipuncture) in neonates hospitalized in the NICU.DesignExperimental, randomized controlled study.SettingThe study was conducted in the NICU of two hospitals in China from November 2017 to January 2019.MethodsOne hundred and sixteen neonates were randomly assigned to the maternal voice or routine care groups. The maternal voice group received recorded maternal voice intervention before, during, and after venipuncture. Three phases of procedures were videotaped. Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale (NIAPAS) was assessed by the same evaluator at different phases.ResultsThe study showed that NIAPAS scores, behavioral indicator scores, and physiological indicator scores in the maternal voice group were significantly lower compared with those in the routine care group.ConclusionRecorded maternal voice can improve pain caused by venipuncture in neonates. These are simple, rapid, and cost-effective methods that nurses can implement during venipuncture in neonates.     

The comparison of adductor canal block with femoral nerve block following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Purpose

Although several studies have compared the clinical efficacy of an adductor canal block (ACB) to that of a femoral nerve block (FNB) for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), disputes mainly exist in the recovery of quadriceps strength and mobilization ability between the two methods. The aim of the present study was to compare, in a systematic review and meta-analysis, the clinical efficacy of ACB with that of FNB.

Methods

We systematically searched randomized controlled trials comparing FNB with ACB for analgesia after TKA in Pubmed and the Cochrane Library from inception to April 30th 2015. There was no limitation of publication language. Trial quality was assessed using the modified Jadad scale, and eligible data were pooled for meta-analysis.

Results

Five studies of 348 patients were included. Outcomes showed that patients who received ACB had similar or better recovery of quadriceps strength and mobilization ability than those that underwent FNB. Similar efficacy was found between the two strategies regarding adductor strength, pain scores [at rest (p = 0.86), at or after knee flexion (p = 0.31)], opioid consumption (p = 0.99), opioid-associated adverse effects (p = 0.60), length of hospital stay (p = 0.42), patient satisfaction (p = 0.57), and success rate of blockade (p = 0.20).

Conclusions

The present study suggests that TKA patients who receive ACB can achieve similar or even better recovery of quadriceps strength and mobilization ability than those treated with FNB. Taken as a whole, ACB may be a better analgesia strategy after TKA at present.

     

The efficiency of glutamate uptake differs between neonatal and adult cortical microvascular endothelial cells

Glutamate transporters (excitatory amino-acid transporters (EAATs)) are essential for brain homeostasis. While previous studies indicate that the vascular endothelium contributes to glutamate efflux in the adult brain, little information is available regarding glutamate uptake in the immature brain. The present study shows a differential expression pattern of EAATs between cortical microvessels in adults and newborns. In addition, adult cortical endothelial cells take up glutamate more efficiently than neonatal cells. Our findings indicate age-specific changes in extracellular glutamate regulation by brain endothelial cells, suggesting differences in the efficiency of glutamate efflux during an excitotoxic process that, in turn, may contribute to age-specific brain vulnerability.     

彩色多谱勒对IUGR脐动脉血流的检测

目的：应用彩色多谱勒检测正常妊娠和胎儿宫内发育迟缓（以简称ＩＵＧＲ）的脐动脉血流指标ＰＩ、ＲＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ值。材料和方法：应用彩色多谱勒检测了２００例正常妊娠和１１１例ＩＵＧＲ的脐动脉血流,孕周从２６－４１周。结果：正常妊娠组及ＩＵＧＲ组的脐动脉血流指标均随妊娠周数的增高而降低,但ＩＵＧＲ组的脐动脉血流ＰＩ、ＲＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ值明显高于正常妊娠组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。孕３０周后,脐动脉血流Ｓ／Ｄ值〉４,揭示胎儿预后不良。结论：脐动脉血流检测不仅是胎儿监护的一种方法,而且可作为诊断ＩＵＧＲ的一个指标及对估计胎儿预后有一定的临床价值。     

The individual and joint effects of maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and gestational diabetes on infant birth size

Background and aimsTo examine the independent effect of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency and its joint effect with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on infant birth size.Methods and resultsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted in 15,724 mother-offspring dyads in Beijing, China between 2016 and 2017. Outcomes included infant birth weight Z-score (adjusted for gestational age and sex) and large for gestational age (LGA). Exposures were maternal 25(OH)D concentrations. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of exposures with continuous and binary outcomes, respectively. Exposure-outcome associations were not observed when analyzing 25(OH)D concentrations continuously or in quartiles (P > 0.05); however, mothers with severely deficient 25(OH)D concentrations (n = 307) had a decreased risk of LGA compared with those with sufficient 25(OH)D concentrations (≥30.0 ng/mL; n = 5400) (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42, 0.93). Compared to mothers with no 25(OH)D deficiency (≥20.0 ng/mL) and no GDM (n = 7975), those with both 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM (n = 1090) had 0.15 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.21) higher infant birth weight Z-score and a higher risk of LGA (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.52). Maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM had additive interaction on the risk of LGA (relative risk due to interaction: 0.18).ConclusionMothers with severely deficient 25(OH)D might have a decreased risk of LGA. However, the joint effect of maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM might increase the risk of LGA. Our findings have clinical and public health implications and provide potential directions for future studies.