Field evaluation of alternative testing strategies for the detection of HIV infection in Beijing

To identify a cost-efficient altemative antibody testing strategy for screening and confirmation of HIV infection by rapid simple tests （RSTs） and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISAs）. Methods Four RSTs （RST1, RST2, RST3, and RST4 ） and five ELISAs （ELISA1, ELISA2, ELISA3, ELISA4, and ELISA5） were evaluated in two phases by using banked and serum specimens prospectively collected at regional hospitals and voluntary counseling and testing （VCT） centers in Beijing. A total of 200 banked serum specimens were included in the first phase, including 62 HIV-positive, 127 HIV-negative and 11 indeterminate specimens. All specimens were tested by four RSTs and five ELISAs respectively. The second phase involved prospective testing of 389 routine specimens, including 92 HIV-positive, 287 HIV-negative, and 10 indeterminate specimens. All the specimens were tested by two RSTs （RST2 and RST4） and three ELISAs （ELISA1, ELISA3, and ELISA4）, which were selected for their respective excellent sensitivity and/or specificity. Westem blot （WB） was used as a gold standard for confirming the reactivity of all the specimens. Results Sensitivity, specificity, and efficacy were calculated for each assay in two phases. In the first phase, four assays （ELISA4, RST2, RST3, and RST4） had a specificity of 100%. For the determination of efficacy, ELISA4, RST2, and RST4 were selected in the second phase. ELISA1 and ELISA3 which have a sensitivity of 95.9% and 93.2% respectively also entered this phase. In the second phase, all the five assays （ELISA1, ELISA3, ELISA4, RST2, and RST4） had a sensitivity and specifity of over 90%. ELISA1 had a sensitivity of 99% and ELISA4 a specificity of 99%. Conclusion The sensitivity ELISA1 and the specificit of ELISA4 are comparable to ELISA/WB standard strategy. Application of this alternative testing strategy provides a cost-effective method for determining HIV prevalence in Beijing.     

The 2015–2016 influenza epidemic in Beijing,China: Unlike elsewhere,circulation of influenza A(H3N2) with moderate vaccine effectiveness

BackgroundWhile the 2015–2016 influenza season in the northern hemisphere was dominated by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria viruses, in Beijing, China, there was also significant circulation of influenza A(H3N2) virus. In this report we estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza A(H3N2) and other circulating viruses, and describe further characteristics of the 2015–2016 influenza season in Beijing.MethodsWe estimated VE of the 2015–2016 trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) against laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection using the test-negative study design. The effect of prior vaccination on current VE was also examined.ResultsOf 11,000 eligible patients included in the study, 2969 (27.0%) were influenza positive. Vaccination coverage was 4.2% in both cases and controls. Adjusted VE against all influenza was 8% (95% CI: −16% to 27%): 18% (95% CI: −38% to 52%) for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 54% (95% CI: 16% to 74%) for influenza A(H3N2), and −8% (95% CI: −40% to 18%) for influenza B/Victoria. The overall VE for receipt of 2015–2016 vaccination only, 2014–2015 vaccination only, and vaccinations in both seasons was −15% (95% CI: −63% to 19%), −25% (95% CI: −78% to 13%), and 18% (95% CI: −11% to 40%), respectively.ConclusionsOverall the 2015–2016 TIV was protective against influenza infection in Beijing, with higher VE against the A(H3N2) viruses compared to A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses.     

Evaluation of inactivated vaccines against equine group A rotaviruses by use of a suckling mouse model

BackgroundEquine group A rotaviruses (RVAs) cause diarrhea in suckling foals. The dominant RVAs circulating among horses worldwide, including Japan, are G3P[12] and/or G14P[12] genotypes. Inactivated vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are commercially available in some countries for prevention of diarrhea caused by equine RVAs. However, there is no reported evidence whether vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are effective against G14P[12] RVAs or whether using a G14P[12] RVA results in a more effective vaccine. This study used a suckling mouse model to evaluate the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines containing G3P[12] (G3 vaccine) or G14P[12] (G14 vaccine) RVAs against G3P[12] and G14P[12] RVAs.MethodsFemale mice were inoculated twice with G3 or G14 vaccines, and were then mated. After parturition, suckling mice were challenged with one of either two G3P[12] RVAs, two G14P[12] RVAs, or one G13P[18] RVA. After virus inoculation, suckling mice were observed for diarrhea, and the incidence rates of diarrhea in the vaccinated groups were compared with those in the non-vaccinated groups.ResultsFollowing G3P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G3 and G14 vaccinated groups had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated group, and the rates in the G3 vaccinated group tended to be lower than in the G14 vaccinated group. Following G14P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G14 vaccinated group had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated and G3 vaccinated groups. The G3 and G14 vaccines did not reduce the rate when challenged with the G13P[18] RVA.ConclusionThe mouse model showed that the G3 and G14 vaccines were both effective against G3P[12] RVAs, and that the G14 vaccine was effective against G14P[12] RVAs. These results suggest that at least a G14 RVA strain should be included in as a vaccine strain.     

北京昌平区2009-2010学年中小学教学环境卫生学监测结果分析

目的了解昌平区中小学教学环境卫生学现状。方法 2009年11月至2010年1月,对辖区71所中小学校教学环境严格按照学校卫生标准的要求进行了监测,监测项目计算合格率并进行中小学校之间、城乡学校之间的比较。结果课桌椅分配符合率38.73%,小学高于中学(χ2=5.278,P<0.05),城镇高于乡村(χ2=6.157,P<0.05);玻地比合格率30.28%,乡村高于城镇(χ2=7.629,P<0.05);采光系数和后侧墙反射系数合格率分别为54.93%和35.21%,其城乡学校之间及中小学校之间差异均无统计学意义;灯桌间距合格率35.92%,小学高于中学(χ2=4.095,P<0.05),城镇高于乡村(χ2=4.243,P<0.05);桌面平均照度合格率46.49%,其城乡学校之间及中小学校之间差异均无统计学意义;黑板反射系数合格率80.28%;室温、CO2含量、相对湿度、室内噪声合格率分别为71.83%、67.61%、46.48%和87.32%;16.67%的城镇中学女厕所蹲位不足,10.39%的乡村学校男小便池长度不够,9.09%的乡村学校厕所为旱厕或水旱兼有,便后洗手设施不足或无洗手设施。结论昌平区中小学教学环境存在诸多问题,应引起有关部门的高度重视。     

基于扩展方舱的卫生应急移动会商平台设计和应用

目的:研究卫生应急移动会商平台的设计方案与实现方法。方法:在明确移动会商平台设计需求、主要功能和技术指标的基础上,对平台的构成要素、内外部设计方案进行研究,分析平台设计的关键技术、解决方法和实现途径。结果:移动会商平台采用了多通讯方式的通讯指挥手段,具备快速反应,灵活机动的展开和撤收能力,可实现各种条件下的卫生应急现场视频会商、通讯指挥和办公等功能。结论:该平台能够满足野外应急机动务件下快速、稳定和可靠的通讯指挥需求,可作为卫生应急现场视频会商和通讯指挥的主要手段。     

江苏省2011年流行性腮腺炎病毒分子流行病学分析

目的:分离江苏省2011年流行性腮腺炎病毒(Mumps Virus,MuV),并分析其基因特征。方法:对江苏省2011年腮腺炎咽拭子进行病毒分离,对MuV分离株针对SH基因进行PCR扩增,并对该PCR产物进行序列测定,结合从基因库下载的中国MuV毒株序列以及世界卫生组织(WHO)MuV基因型参考株一起进行分子流行病学研究。结果:通过比较核苷酸和氨基酸同源性和构建亲缘关系树发现,江苏省2011年MuV分离株属F基因型,但序列相互间存在差异。此外,通过分析江苏省2011年MuV分离株的遗传距离发现,MuV毒株序列同源性和亲缘关系树分析结果一致。结论:江苏省2011年流行的MuV同属F基因型,是由F基因型MuV的多个传播链引起的。并且2011年的MuV毒株间存在序列差异,说明在江苏省流行的MuV发生了一定程度的变异。     

北京地区2010年10月-2011年5月急性呼吸道感染病毒临床特征分析

目的:分析急性呼吸道感染的临床特征,为临床特异性诊断和治疗,以及呼吸道传染病的防治提供依据。方法:选取2010年10月-2011年5月采集的352份呼吸道感染病例,收集病例的临床资料,采集咽拭子样本,检测呼吸道相关病毒,用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果:352病例中,病毒检测阳性率为39.2%,多份标本存在合并感染,感染病例80%以上都有咳嗽症状,50%以上有发热症状,乙型流感病毒感染患者中头痛的比例(100%)和胸痛的比例(50%)远高于其他患者;MPV感染患者呼吸困难的比例要远高于其他。甲型流感病毒单纯感染和腺病毒单纯感染的标本中头痛的比例要高于有其他病毒合并感染的标本。结论:不同呼吸道病毒感染有一定的临床特征,且各病毒之间易发生合并感染。合并感染的临床表现与单纯病毒感染略有不同。