The 2015–2016 influenza epidemic in Beijing,China: Unlike elsewhere,circulation of influenza A(H3N2) with moderate vaccine effectiveness

BackgroundWhile the 2015–2016 influenza season in the northern hemisphere was dominated by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria viruses, in Beijing, China, there was also significant circulation of influenza A(H3N2) virus. In this report we estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza A(H3N2) and other circulating viruses, and describe further characteristics of the 2015–2016 influenza season in Beijing.MethodsWe estimated VE of the 2015–2016 trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) against laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection using the test-negative study design. The effect of prior vaccination on current VE was also examined.ResultsOf 11,000 eligible patients included in the study, 2969 (27.0%) were influenza positive. Vaccination coverage was 4.2% in both cases and controls. Adjusted VE against all influenza was 8% (95% CI: −16% to 27%): 18% (95% CI: −38% to 52%) for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 54% (95% CI: 16% to 74%) for influenza A(H3N2), and −8% (95% CI: −40% to 18%) for influenza B/Victoria. The overall VE for receipt of 2015–2016 vaccination only, 2014–2015 vaccination only, and vaccinations in both seasons was −15% (95% CI: −63% to 19%), −25% (95% CI: −78% to 13%), and 18% (95% CI: −11% to 40%), respectively.ConclusionsOverall the 2015–2016 TIV was protective against influenza infection in Beijing, with higher VE against the A(H3N2) viruses compared to A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses.     

Evaluation of inactivated vaccines against equine group A rotaviruses by use of a suckling mouse model

BackgroundEquine group A rotaviruses (RVAs) cause diarrhea in suckling foals. The dominant RVAs circulating among horses worldwide, including Japan, are G3P[12] and/or G14P[12] genotypes. Inactivated vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are commercially available in some countries for prevention of diarrhea caused by equine RVAs. However, there is no reported evidence whether vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are effective against G14P[12] RVAs or whether using a G14P[12] RVA results in a more effective vaccine. This study used a suckling mouse model to evaluate the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines containing G3P[12] (G3 vaccine) or G14P[12] (G14 vaccine) RVAs against G3P[12] and G14P[12] RVAs.MethodsFemale mice were inoculated twice with G3 or G14 vaccines, and were then mated. After parturition, suckling mice were challenged with one of either two G3P[12] RVAs, two G14P[12] RVAs, or one G13P[18] RVA. After virus inoculation, suckling mice were observed for diarrhea, and the incidence rates of diarrhea in the vaccinated groups were compared with those in the non-vaccinated groups.ResultsFollowing G3P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G3 and G14 vaccinated groups had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated group, and the rates in the G3 vaccinated group tended to be lower than in the G14 vaccinated group. Following G14P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G14 vaccinated group had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated and G3 vaccinated groups. The G3 and G14 vaccines did not reduce the rate when challenged with the G13P[18] RVA.ConclusionThe mouse model showed that the G3 and G14 vaccines were both effective against G3P[12] RVAs, and that the G14 vaccine was effective against G14P[12] RVAs. These results suggest that at least a G14 RVA strain should be included in as a vaccine strain.     

北京昌平区2009-2010学年中小学教学环境卫生学监测结果分析

目的了解昌平区中小学教学环境卫生学现状。方法 2009年11月至2010年1月,对辖区71所中小学校教学环境严格按照学校卫生标准的要求进行了监测,监测项目计算合格率并进行中小学校之间、城乡学校之间的比较。结果课桌椅分配符合率38.73%,小学高于中学(χ2=5.278,P<0.05),城镇高于乡村(χ2=6.157,P<0.05);玻地比合格率30.28%,乡村高于城镇(χ2=7.629,P<0.05);采光系数和后侧墙反射系数合格率分别为54.93%和35.21%,其城乡学校之间及中小学校之间差异均无统计学意义;灯桌间距合格率35.92%,小学高于中学(χ2=4.095,P<0.05),城镇高于乡村(χ2=4.243,P<0.05);桌面平均照度合格率46.49%,其城乡学校之间及中小学校之间差异均无统计学意义;黑板反射系数合格率80.28%;室温、CO2含量、相对湿度、室内噪声合格率分别为71.83%、67.61%、46.48%和87.32%;16.67%的城镇中学女厕所蹲位不足,10.39%的乡村学校男小便池长度不够,9.09%的乡村学校厕所为旱厕或水旱兼有,便后洗手设施不足或无洗手设施。结论昌平区中小学教学环境存在诸多问题,应引起有关部门的高度重视。     

基于扩展方舱的卫生应急移动会商平台设计和应用

目的:研究卫生应急移动会商平台的设计方案与实现方法。方法:在明确移动会商平台设计需求、主要功能和技术指标的基础上,对平台的构成要素、内外部设计方案进行研究,分析平台设计的关键技术、解决方法和实现途径。结果:移动会商平台采用了多通讯方式的通讯指挥手段,具备快速反应,灵活机动的展开和撤收能力,可实现各种条件下的卫生应急现场视频会商、通讯指挥和办公等功能。结论:该平台能够满足野外应急机动务件下快速、稳定和可靠的通讯指挥需求,可作为卫生应急现场视频会商和通讯指挥的主要手段。     

江苏省2011年流行性腮腺炎病毒分子流行病学分析

目的:分离江苏省2011年流行性腮腺炎病毒(Mumps Virus,MuV),并分析其基因特征。方法:对江苏省2011年腮腺炎咽拭子进行病毒分离,对MuV分离株针对SH基因进行PCR扩增,并对该PCR产物进行序列测定,结合从基因库下载的中国MuV毒株序列以及世界卫生组织(WHO)MuV基因型参考株一起进行分子流行病学研究。结果:通过比较核苷酸和氨基酸同源性和构建亲缘关系树发现,江苏省2011年MuV分离株属F基因型,但序列相互间存在差异。此外,通过分析江苏省2011年MuV分离株的遗传距离发现,MuV毒株序列同源性和亲缘关系树分析结果一致。结论:江苏省2011年流行的MuV同属F基因型,是由F基因型MuV的多个传播链引起的。并且2011年的MuV毒株间存在序列差异,说明在江苏省流行的MuV发生了一定程度的变异。     

三阴三阳六病在2型糖尿病中病证结合的思考与应用

病证结合是中医诊疗的重要手段之一,起源于《伤寒论》的三阴三阳六病与中医证候结合的病证结合诊疗模式正成为讨论热点,目前学者普遍认为六经辨证是《伤寒论》的核心辩证思路。文章通过对三阴三阳六病内容进行梳理,并结合自身临床经验浅析三阴三阳六病在2型糖尿病中病证结合的诊疗模式,认为三阴三阳六病的病证结合的诊疗模式具有较好应用价值,可以更全面地把握疾病病机,处方用药依据更充足,临床实践疗效良好,值得进一步深入总结和探讨。     

Trustline结核分枝杆菌IgG/IgM抗体检测试剂盒(胶体金法)的临床应用评价

目的 评价Trustline结核抗体IgG/IgM检测试剂盒临床应用效果。 方法 选用3家医院的1009份血清标本,其中628份为结核病患者血清(308例菌阳病例,320例菌阴病例);对照组381份非结核病血清。采用Trustline试剂盒及一种已上市的试剂盒(对照试剂盒)分别检测1009份血清,计算多项检测指标,从而评价试剂盒的检测效果。 结果 通过检测1009份临床血清标本, Trustline试剂盒检测血清抗体(IgG+IgM)的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、 Youden 指数分别为61.3%、79.8%、 83.3%、 55.6% 和0.411,对照试剂盒检测血清抗体(IgG) 的结果分别为53.7%、89.0%、88.9%、 53.8%和0.426。经统计分析表明Trustline试剂盒的灵敏度显著优于对照试剂盒(P0.01),特异度低于对照试剂盒(P0.01),但阳性诊断效率和阴性诊断效率方面差异无统计学意义,Youden指数相接近。 进一步分析显示Trustline试剂盒对菌阳样本及菌阴样本的检出率分别77.6%和44.7%,对照试剂盒则为67.9%和40.0%,对菌阳样本检出率的差异有统计学意义。检测1009份标本,Trustline试剂盒共得IgM阳性35例,其中结核组阳性30例(4.8%),非结核组阳性5例(1.3%)。 结论 Trustline试剂盒检测结核抗体的灵敏度显著优于对照结核抗体试剂盒,并可同时用于检测IgG/IgM抗体,可以应用于结核病的快速诊断。